Publikationen

• Huber, Stephan, Lea Weppert, Lennart Baumeister, Oliver Happel, and Tobias Grundgeiger. “Team Roles of Artificial Intelligence in Anesthesiology – A Scoping Review”. In Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–13. CHI EA ’25. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1145/3706599.3720186.
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  When referring to the role of newly proposed clinical applications of artificial intelligence (AI), recent work inflationary uses the term Human-AI Team. However, the roles foreseen for AI systems within teams remain unclear. We systematically reviewed the literature on AI deployment in anesthesiology and found that most AI system papers only describe algorithms. We identified 57 interactive systems and assigned six roles based on described behavior, tasks, and interactions. While the most prevalent role was task completer, some AI systems also served their team as problem solvers, evaluators, task motivators, or even teamwork support and team leaders. We contribute (1) a classification system for team roles, behaviors, tasks, and interactions of AI team members and (2) an overview of AI systems’ team roles in anesthesiology. We conclude that (3) AI systems’ intended social roles within teams need to be more consciously reflected, shaped and clearly communicated to meet healthcare standards.

  @inproceedings{Huber2025, abstract = {When referring to the role of newly proposed clinical applications of artificial intelligence (AI), recent work inflationary uses the term Human-AI Team. However, the roles foreseen for AI systems within teams remain unclear. We systematically reviewed the literature on AI deployment in anesthesiology and found that most AI system papers only describe algorithms. We identified 57 interactive systems and assigned six roles based on described behavior, tasks, and interactions. While the most prevalent role was task completer, some AI systems also served their team as problem solvers, evaluators, task motivators, or even teamwork support and team leaders. We contribute (1) a classification system for team roles, behaviors, tasks, and interactions of AI team members and (2) an overview of AI systems’ team roles in anesthesiology. We conclude that (3) AI systems’ intended social roles within teams need to be more consciously reflected, shaped and clearly communicated to meet healthcare standards.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Huber, Stephan and Weppert, Lea and Baumeister, Lennart and Happel, Oliver and Grundgeiger, Tobias}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, month = {04}, pages = {1–13}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, series = {CHI EA '25}, title = {Team Roles of Artificial Intelligence in Anesthesiology – A Scoping Review}, year = 2025 }
• Heinisch, Melina Joline, Sara Wolf, Franzisca Maas, and Stephan Huber. “Participation User Experience: A Call to Better Manage the Most Important Resource in User-Centered Design”. In Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’25. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1145/3706599.3719918.
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  Participating users are the foundation of user-centered design. However, there is a limited understanding of their motivation, engagement, and experience participating in research. In this work, we propose the concept of Participation User Experience (PUX), which addresses participants’ experiences in user-centered design. To set a scope for PUX, we conducted a reflexive thematic analysis on workshop data involving 20 experienced user-centered design practitioners and researchers. The analysis yielded five themes, making explicit aspects of PUX that have been implicitly considered and how their consideration could be improved. Great potential lies in addressing intrinsic motivations over extrinsic incentives and developing more structured approaches to planning and measuring PUX to mitigate various sources of bias related to incentives or Experimenter Effects. We contribute to a first understanding of PUX, point to persisting research gaps, and present practical implications for improving participants’ experiences in user-centered design.

  @inproceedings{heinisch2025participation, abstract = {Participating users are the foundation of user-centered design. However, there is a limited understanding of their motivation, engagement, and experience participating in research. In this work, we propose the concept of Participation User Experience (PUX), which addresses participants’ experiences in user-centered design. To set a scope for PUX, we conducted a reflexive thematic analysis on workshop data involving 20 experienced user-centered design practitioners and researchers. The analysis yielded five themes, making explicit aspects of PUX that have been implicitly considered and how their consideration could be improved. Great potential lies in addressing intrinsic motivations over extrinsic incentives and developing more structured approaches to planning and measuring PUX to mitigate various sources of bias related to incentives or Experimenter Effects. We contribute to a first understanding of PUX, point to persisting research gaps, and present practical implications for improving participants’ experiences in user-centered design.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Heinisch, Melina Joline and Wolf, Sara and Maas, Franzisca and Huber, Stephan}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, keywords = {wolf}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, series = {CHI EA '25}, title = {Participation User Experience: A Call to Better Manage the Most Important Resource in User-Centered Design}, year = 2025 }
• Baur, Cordula. “From Text to Tangibles: Exploring, Designing, and Evaluating Image-Schema-Based Tools for Data Physicalisation Design”. PhD dissertation, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 2025. https://opus.bibliothek.uni-wuerzburg.de/opus4-wuerzburg/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/40048/file/Baur_Cordula_Thesis.pdf.
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  @phdthesis{baur2025tangibles, author = {Baur, Cordula}, keywords = {baur}, school = {Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg}, title = {From Text to Tangibles: Exploring, Designing, and Evaluating Image-Schema-based Tools for Data Physicalisation Design}, year = 2025 }
• Wolf, Sara, David Chatting, Ben Morris, Caro Claisse, and Abigail C. Durrant. “The Resound Sphere: Co-Exploring Alternatives for Community Remote Practice of Faith”. In Proceedings of the 23rd EUSSET Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work. European Society for Socially Embedded Technologies (EUSSET), 2025. https://doi.org/10.48340/ecscw2025_pd01.
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  @incollection{wolf2025resound, author = {Wolf, Sara and Chatting, David and Morris, Ben and Claisse, Caro and Durrant, Abigail C.}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 23rd EUSSET Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work}, keywords = {wolf}, publisher = {European Society for Socially Embedded Technologies (EUSSET)}, title = {The Resound Sphere: Co-Exploring Alternatives for Community Remote Practice of Faith}, year = 2025 }
• Huber, Stephan, Ronja Fricke, Caroline P"u}tz, Lennart Baumeister, Christina Dilling, Oliver Happel, Simon Ottenhaus, Anja Nagel, Matthias Dunkelberg, and Tobias Grundgeiger. “Evaluating an AI Documentation Assistant for Anesthesiology Teams”. In Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI EA ’25. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1145/3706599.3706658.
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  In addition to ensuring patient safety during anesthetic inductions, anesthesiologists must document clinical interventions and administer drugs. This is a time-consuming and low priority task, which harms the documentation quality of anesthetic protocols. In this case study, we demonstrate how speech-based artificial intelligence (AI) assistants that leverage closed-loop communication can increase documentation quality. An evaluation in 40 scenarios in a medical high-fidelity simulator indicated that the AI documentation assistant facilitated earlier data entry and increased documentation precision. However, despite the objective advantages for data quality and patient safety, anesthesiologists experienced a higher temporal demand with the system. With this study, we contribute qualitative insights of how the AI documentation assistant benefited anesthesiologists’ work style and affected their interactions within the team. Future research should aim to design AI assistants that enforce communication clarity while considering their impact on team dynamics.

  @inproceedings{10.1145/3706599.3706658, abstract = {In addition to ensuring patient safety during anesthetic inductions, anesthesiologists must document clinical interventions and administer drugs. This is a time-consuming and low priority task, which harms the documentation quality of anesthetic protocols. In this case study, we demonstrate how speech-based artificial intelligence (AI) assistants that leverage closed-loop communication can increase documentation quality. An evaluation in 40 scenarios in a medical high-fidelity simulator indicated that the AI documentation assistant facilitated earlier data entry and increased documentation precision. However, despite the objective advantages for data quality and patient safety, anesthesiologists experienced a higher temporal demand with the system. With this study, we contribute qualitative insights of how the AI documentation assistant benefited anesthesiologists’ work style and affected their interactions within the team. Future research should aim to design AI assistants that enforce communication clarity while considering their impact on team dynamics.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Huber, Stephan and Fricke, Ronja and P\"{u}tz, Caroline and Baumeister, Lennart and Dilling, Christina and Happel, Oliver and Ottenhaus, Simon and Nagel, Anja and Dunkelberg, Matthias and Grundgeiger, Tobias}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, series = {CHI EA '25}, title = {Evaluating an AI Documentation Assistant for Anesthesiology Teams}, year = 2025 }
• Bahnsen, Kilian L, Emma Dischinger, and Tobias Grundgeiger. “AR Cue Reliability for Interrupted Task Resumption Affects Users’ Resumption Strategies and Performance”. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’25). New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1145/3706598.3713685.
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  Reliable augmented reality (AR) cues can support the resumption of interrupted tasks. We investigated how sub-optimal AR cue reliability (100%, 86%, 64%, or no cue) affected users’ resumption performance and strategies. In a between-subjects experiment, 120 participants conducted a physical sorting task including interruptions, and we manipulated AR cue reliability (i.e., the AR cue was present or absent at the end of interruptions). In trials with AR cue, performance with 86% and 64% reliable AR cues was as well as with 100% reliable cues. In trials without AR cue, performance with sub-optimal AR cue reliability declined but was still better than with no cue. Cue reliability affected task resumption strategies of the 86% (slow but no increase in errors) and the 64% (fast but increase in errors) reliability groups differently. Our results extend reliability research to interruptions and the observed efficiency-thoroughness trade-offs in resumption strategies provide insight for design.

  @inproceedings{bahnsen2025reliability, abstract = {Reliable augmented reality (AR) cues can support the resumption of interrupted tasks. We investigated how sub-optimal AR cue reliability (100%, 86%, 64%, or no cue) affected users’ resumption performance and strategies. In a between-subjects experiment, 120 participants conducted a physical sorting task including interruptions, and we manipulated AR cue reliability (i.e., the AR cue was present or absent at the end of interruptions). In trials with AR cue, performance with 86% and 64% reliable AR cues was as well as with 100% reliable cues. In trials without AR cue, performance with sub-optimal AR cue reliability declined but was still better than with no cue. Cue reliability affected task resumption strategies of the 86% (slow but no increase in errors) and the 64% (fast but increase in errors) reliability groups differently. Our results extend reliability research to interruptions and the observed efficiency-thoroughness trade-offs in resumption strategies provide insight for design.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Bahnsen, Kilian L and Dischinger, Emma and Grundgeiger, Tobias}, booktitle = {CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'25)}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, title = {AR Cue Reliability for Interrupted Task Resumption Affects Users’ Resumption Strategies and Performance}, year = 2025 }
• Wolf, Sara, Tobias Grundgeiger, Raphael Z"a}hringer, Lora Shishkova, Franzisca Maas, Christina Dilling, and Oliver Happel. “How a Clinical Decision Support System Changed the Diagnosis Process: Insights from an Experimental Mixed-Method Study in a Full-Scale Anesthesiology Simulation”. In Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI ’25. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1145/3706598.3713372.
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  Recent advancements in artificial intelligence have sparked discussions on how clinical decision-making can be supported. New clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) have been developed and evaluated through workshops and interviews. However, limited research exists on how CDSSs affect decision-making as it unfolds, particularly in settings such as acute care, where decisions are made collaboratively under time pressure and uncertainty. Using a mixed-method study, we explored the impact of a CDSS on decision-making in anesthetic teams during simulated operating room crises. Fourteen anesthetic teams participated in high-fidelity simulations, half using a CDSS prototype for comparative analysis. Qualitative findings from conversation analysis and quantitative results on decision-making efficiency and workload revealed that the CDSS changed team structure, communication, and diagnostic processes. It homogenized decision-making, empowered nursing staff, and introduced friction between analytical and intuitive thinking. We discuss whether these changes are beneficial or detrimental and offer insights to guide future CDSS design.

  @inproceedings{wolf2025clinical, abstract = {Recent advancements in artificial intelligence have sparked discussions on how clinical decision-making can be supported. New clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) have been developed and evaluated through workshops and interviews. However, limited research exists on how CDSSs affect decision-making as it unfolds, particularly in settings such as acute care, where decisions are made collaboratively under time pressure and uncertainty. Using a mixed-method study, we explored the impact of a CDSS on decision-making in anesthetic teams during simulated operating room crises. Fourteen anesthetic teams participated in high-fidelity simulations, half using a CDSS prototype for comparative analysis. Qualitative findings from conversation analysis and quantitative results on decision-making efficiency and workload revealed that the CDSS changed team structure, communication, and diagnostic processes. It homogenized decision-making, empowered nursing staff, and introduced friction between analytical and intuitive thinking. We discuss whether these changes are beneficial or detrimental and offer insights to guide future CDSS design.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Wolf, Sara and Grundgeiger, Tobias and Z\"{a}hringer, Raphael and Shishkova, Lora and Maas, Franzisca and Dilling, Christina and Happel, Oliver}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, series = {CHI '25}, title = {How a Clinical Decision Support System Changed the Diagnosis Process: Insights from an Experimental Mixed-Method Study in a Full-Scale Anesthesiology Simulation}, year = 2025 }
• Ambe, Aloha Hufana, Isaac Salisbury, Tobias Grundgeiger, Daniel Bodnar, Sean Rothwell, Nathan Brown, Penelope Sanderson, and Ben Matthews. “Patient Handover in the Emergency Department Is Not Just a Point Event: Insights for Designing Information Support Tools”. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’25). New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1145/3706598.3713756.
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  ffective information support tools are challenging to design for fast-paced, information rich, and difficult to predict circumstances, particularly when information is fragmented and sources are dispersed. To explore, we conducted a field study on handover and the associated information work, which included 40 visits and 75 hours of observation and interviews with doctors in a metropolitan emergency department (ED). Beyond information exchange, we found that handovers highlight doctors' proactive approach by anticipating information needs, managing uncertainties arising from dynamic information, and developing patient care plans through multiple contingencies. Expanding on the idea of handover as a multifaceted process rather than a single event, we reinforce existing calls for greater flexibility emphasising that the ascertainment of pertinent information is an ongoing, adaptive process. This work demonstrates that deciding what constitutes relevant information is a priori indeterminate when designing information systems and support tools in environments such as EDs. We propose the preservation of specific ‘relativities’ of information—such as uncertainty, particularity, incompleteness, and temporality—in designing information support tools for dynamic, critical and multi-disciplinary work environments.

  @inproceedings{ambe2025patient, abstract = {ffective information support tools are challenging to design for fast-paced, information rich, and difficult to predict circumstances, particularly when information is fragmented and sources are dispersed. To explore, we conducted a field study on handover and the associated information work, which included 40 visits and 75 hours of observation and interviews with doctors in a metropolitan emergency department (ED). Beyond information exchange, we found that handovers highlight doctors' proactive approach by anticipating information needs, managing uncertainties arising from dynamic information, and developing patient care plans through multiple contingencies. Expanding on the idea of handover as a multifaceted process rather than a single event, we reinforce existing calls for greater flexibility emphasising that the ascertainment of pertinent information is an ongoing, adaptive process. This work demonstrates that deciding what constitutes relevant information is a priori indeterminate when designing information systems and support tools in environments such as EDs. We propose the preservation of specific ‘relativities’ of information—such as uncertainty, particularity, incompleteness, and temporality—in designing information support tools for dynamic, critical and multi-disciplinary work environments.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Ambe, Aloha Hufana and Salisbury, Isaac and Grundgeiger, Tobias and Bodnar, Daniel and Rothwell, Sean and Brown, Nathan and Sanderson, Penelope and Matthews, Ben}, booktitle = {CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’25)}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, title = {Patient Handover in the Emergency Department Is Not Just a Point Event: Insights for Designing Information Support Tools}, year = 2025 }
• Huber, Stephan. “Embrace Sociable Technology! A Plea for Health As a Model Field of Human-Technology Team Research”. In CHI ’25 Workshop on Envisioning the Future of Interactive Health, edited by I. Avellino, P.-Y. Kuo, P. S. Foong, J. Wiese, H. Mentis, S. Munson, J. Wallace, et al. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15375517.
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  @inproceedings{RN1916, author = {Huber, Stephan}, booktitle = {CHI '25 Workshop on Envisioning the Future of Interactive Health}, editor = {Avellino, I. and Kuo, P.-Y. and Foong, P. S. and Wiese, J. and Mentis, H. and Munson, S. and Wallace, J. and Singh, A. and Miller, A. and Epstein, D. and Nunes, F.}, keywords = {myown}, title = {Embrace Sociable Technology! A Plea for Health as a Model Field of Human-Technology Team Research}, type = {Conference Proceedings}, year = 2025 }
• Claisse, Caroline, David Chatting, Sara Wolf, Ben Morris, and Abigail C Durrant. “Resound: A Moment of Reflection in a Techno-Spiritual RtD Inquiry”. In Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction. TEI ’25. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1145/3689050.3704422.
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  We present 'Resound', a Research through Design inquiry into alternative techno-spiritual practices of a UK Buddhist community, informed by a first-person and participatory approach with the members. In this pictorial we portray a moment of reflection as we consolidate our design work towards deployment with the community. We introduce the Resound Sphere, a materialisation of our learning and speculations to date, designed as a research product to empirically explore alternatives for how tangible interaction could mediate religious/spiritual practices. We contribute with the framing of a design space, the presentation of our design approach and artefact response to this design space.

  @inproceedings{claisse2025resound, abstract = {We present 'Resound', a Research through Design inquiry into alternative techno-spiritual practices of a UK Buddhist community, informed by a first-person and participatory approach with the members. In this pictorial we portray a moment of reflection as we consolidate our design work towards deployment with the community. We introduce the Resound Sphere, a materialisation of our learning and speculations to date, designed as a research product to empirically explore alternatives for how tangible interaction could mediate religious/spiritual practices. We contribute with the framing of a design space, the presentation of our design approach and artefact response to this design space.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Claisse, Caroline and Chatting, David and Wolf, Sara and Morris, Ben and Durrant, Abigail C}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction}, keywords = {wolf}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, series = {TEI '25}, title = {Resound: A Moment of Reflection in a Techno-Spiritual RtD Inquiry}, year = 2025 }
• Chatting, David, Caroline Claisse, Sara Wolf, Ben Morris, and Abigail C Durrant. “Pace Layers and Research Products”. https://thingsofdesign.info/2025/Chatting.pdf.
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  This short paper for the CHI ’25 workshop on Research Products and Time: When, For How Long, and Then What? is intended to name some of the ways our designs can encounter and manipulate different rates of change, either as an inquiry-driven Research Product or as a design proposition for an alternative. This is necessarily a work-in-progress, a form of our research thinking seeking a reflective and critical public. Having introduced our Research Through Design inquiry, we will consider the Pace Layers present in our design and influence its operation, before offering some questions to the workshop. In doing so, our intention is to broaden our conception of how our design and design research can operate in and with time.

  @misc{chatting2025layers, abstract = {This short paper for the CHI ’25 workshop on Research Products and Time: When, For How Long, and Then What? is intended to name some of the ways our designs can encounter and manipulate different rates of change, either as an inquiry-driven Research Product or as a design proposition for an alternative. This is necessarily a work-in-progress, a form of our research thinking seeking a reflective and critical public. Having introduced our Research Through Design inquiry, we will consider the Pace Layers present in our design and influence its operation, before offering some questions to the workshop. In doing so, our intention is to broaden our conception of how our design and design research can operate in and with time.}, author = {Chatting, David and Claisse, Caroline and Wolf, Sara and Morris, Ben and Durrant, Abigail C}, keywords = {wolf}, note = {Workshop on Research Products and Time: When, For How Long, And Then What?.2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. https://thingsofdesign.info/2025/Chatting.pdf}, title = {Pace Layers and Research Products}, year = 2025 }
• Papenfuß, Nathalie, and Sara Wolf. “Speculative Probe Items to Capture Fluid Religious and Spiritual Belonging in HCI”. Madeira, Portugal: DIS’25 Workshop, 2025. https://publications.wolf-research.com/2025-dis-ws-soulmate.pdf.
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  With this submission, we respond to the workshop’s theme of fluidity and explore how religious and/or spiritual (R/S) belonging might be captured in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) projects that take R/S fluidity seriously. We make a case for probes as a useful approach and present speculative examples of potential probe items to capture fluid R/S belonging. The examples are rooted in an ongoing interdisciplinary project between Protestant theology and HCI, SoulMate, that explores ways to support young adults in navigating existential questions.

  @misc{papenfu2025speculative, abstract = {With this submission, we respond to the workshop’s theme of fluidity and explore how religious and/or spiritual (R/S) belonging might be captured in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) projects that take R/S fluidity seriously. We make a case for probes as a useful approach and present speculative examples of potential probe items to capture fluid R/S belonging. The examples are rooted in an ongoing interdisciplinary project between Protestant theology and HCI, SoulMate, that explores ways to support young adults in navigating existential questions.}, address = {Madeira, Portugal}, author = {Papenfuß, Nathalie and Wolf, Sara}, howpublished = {DIS'25 Workshop: Diving Into the Ocean of Religious and Spiritual Design Research}, keywords = {papenfuß}, publisher = {DIS'25 Workshop}, title = {Speculative Probe Items to Capture Fluid Religious and Spiritual Belonging in HCI}, year = 2025 }
• Friedenberger, Tamara. “Migraine Pain Data -A Submission to the Bring Your Own Biodata (BYOB) Workshop at DIS’25”. In Workshop Proceedings: Bring Your Own Biodata (BYOB): Feminist, Corporeal and Collective Approaches to Datafied Bodies at DIS’25.
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  @inproceedings{friedenberger2025migraine, author = {Friedenberger, Tamara}, booktitle = {Workshop Proceedings: Bring Your Own Biodata (BYOB): Feminist, Corporeal and Collective Approaches to Datafied Bodies at DIS'25}, keywords = {friedenberger}, title = {Migraine Pain Data -A Submission to the Bring Your Own Biodata (BYOB) Workshop at DIS'25}, year = 2025 }
• Huber, Stephan, Tamara Friedenberger, Parzival Borlinghaus, and Sara Wolf. “Wax Arts With Honeybees – Taking First Steps Toward Multispecies Co-Creation”. In Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction. TEI ’25. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1145/3689050.3705990.
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  Centuries of beekeeping restricted the honeybees’ role to a producer of raw material, such as honey or wax, which is then harvested and processed, resulting in all artistic value being added by humans. In this project, we regard honeybees (Apis mellifera) as co-creators and explore the joint creations of our two species. During our first season, we scoped the co-creative space over the course of four months. We present image material of sculptures that exceed bees’ natural building behavior and contribute preliminary insights on artifacts originating from human-bee co-creation. We reflect on how human-introduced wax shapes made the bees deviate from their regular comb forms and discuss future paths of multi-species co-creation, temporality, material as well as ethical aspects. Our preliminary insights raise questions to be developed in discussions with the TEI community and answered in future work during the upcoming bee seasons.

  @inproceedings{huber2025honeybees, abstract = {Centuries of beekeeping restricted the honeybees’ role to a producer of raw material, such as honey or wax, which is then harvested and processed, resulting in all artistic value being added by humans. In this project, we regard honeybees (Apis mellifera) as co-creators and explore the joint creations of our two species. During our first season, we scoped the co-creative space over the course of four months. We present image material of sculptures that exceed bees’ natural building behavior and contribute preliminary insights on artifacts originating from human-bee co-creation. We reflect on how human-introduced wax shapes made the bees deviate from their regular comb forms and discuss future paths of multi-species co-creation, temporality, material as well as ethical aspects. Our preliminary insights raise questions to be developed in discussions with the TEI community and answered in future work during the upcoming bee seasons.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Huber, Stephan and Friedenberger, Tamara and Borlinghaus, Parzival and Wolf, Sara}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction}, keywords = {friedenberger}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, series = {TEI '25}, title = {Wax Arts With Honeybees – Taking First Steps Toward Multispecies Co-Creation}, year = 2025 }

• Claisse, Caroline, David Chatting, Sara Wolf, Ben Morris, and Abigail C Durrant. “Making Alternatives Through Design for Mediated Spiritual Practice”. In Proceedings of the Halfway to the Future Symposium. HttF ’24. Santa Cruz, CA, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3686169.3686190.
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  The COVID-19 pandemic has intensified our dependence on screen-based devices, re-shaping how we connect with one another. Motivated by a yearning for alternative and post-pandemic religious and spiritual (R/S) practice, we pursue a Research-through-Design (RtD) project, Resound, exploring mediated technospiritual connections with a UK-based Buddhist community. This pictorial depicts the complexity of (i) designing with spiritual-corporeal selves engaged in community-centred and ritualistic practices; (ii) and tangible artefacts and sonic environments being made, configured and practiced with. We reflect on this ongoing material engagement as making tangible alternatives through techno-spiritual practice.

  @inproceedings{claisse2024making, abstract = {The COVID-19 pandemic has intensified our dependence on screen-based devices, re-shaping how we connect with one another. Motivated by a yearning for alternative and post-pandemic religious and spiritual (R/S) practice, we pursue a Research-through-Design (RtD) project, Resound, exploring mediated technospiritual connections with a UK-based Buddhist community. This pictorial depicts the complexity of (i) designing with spiritual-corporeal selves engaged in community-centred and ritualistic practices; (ii) and tangible artefacts and sonic environments being made, configured and practiced with. We reflect on this ongoing material engagement as making tangible alternatives through techno-spiritual practice.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Claisse, Caroline and Chatting, David and Wolf, Sara and Morris, Ben and Durrant, Abigail C}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Halfway to the Future Symposium}, keywords = {wolf}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, series = {HttF '24}, title = {Making Alternatives Through Design for Mediated Spiritual Practice}, year = 2024 }
• Maas, Franzisca, Torben Volkman, Julian Jarke, Arne Berger, Andreas Bischof, Sandra Buchmüller, Claude Draude, et al. “Partizipative Und Sozialverantwortliche Technikentwicklung”. Bonn, DE: Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V, 2024. https://doi.org/10.18420/muc2024-mci-ws18-104.
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  In this workshop, researchers and practitioners will meet to exchange ideas and discuss the participation of people in technology design processes. They will explore the question of how participation can meet the demand for democratisation and empowerment in research and practice. The workshop also serves as the annual meeting of the "Fachgruppe Partizipation" in the Human-Computer Interaction (MCI) section of the German Informatics Society (GI).

  @misc{maas2024partizipative, abstract = {In this workshop, researchers and practitioners will meet to exchange ideas and discuss the participation of people in technology design processes. They will explore the question of how participation can meet the demand for democratisation and empowerment in research and practice. The workshop also serves as the annual meeting of the "Fachgruppe Partizipation" in the Human-Computer Interaction (MCI) section of the German Informatics Society (GI).}, address = {Bonn, DE}, author = {Maas, Franzisca and Volkman, Torben and Jarke, Julian and Berger, Arne and Bischof, Andreas and Buchmüller, Sandra and Draude, Claude and Gaertner, Wanda and Horn, Viktoria and Maaß, Susanne and Marsden, Nicola and Mucha, Henrik and Struzek, David and Stepczynski, Jan and Wolf, Sara}, howpublished = {Mensch und Computer 2024 - Workshopband}, keywords = {wolf}, publisher = {Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V.}, title = {Partizipative und Sozialverantwortliche Technikentwicklung}, year = 2024 }
• Seemann, Isabell, and Stephan Huber. “Do We Need to Ask Our Users? Probing the Efficacy of User Behavior Analytics”. In Proceedings of Mensch Und Computer 2024, 392–398. MuC ’24. Karlsruhe, Germany: Association for Computing Machinery, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3670653.3677519.
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  The increasing popularity of analytics-driven design questions the role of direct user feedback to improve User Experience (UX). In this study, we first deployed an interaction tracking-tool on existing software to inform design decisions in an analytics-driven prototype. Second, we collected direct user feedback on this version and iterated the design, resulting in the feedback-prototype. A meta-evaluation study comparing the UX of both prototypes and the existing software revealed that, the analytics-driven prototype was rated significantly higher on the UEQ-S questionnaire than the original software. Surprisingly, there were no significant improvements in perceived UX between the analytics-prototype and the feedback-prototype despite a reduction of required actions. We conclude, that UX can be significantly enhanced through behavior analytics alone. While differences between the two prototypes were little, relevant notions can only be retrieved directly from users. Future work needs to replicate these findings with independently developed, more diverse prototypes.

  @inproceedings{10.1145/3670653.3677519, abstract = {The increasing popularity of analytics-driven design questions the role of direct user feedback to improve User Experience (UX). In this study, we first deployed an interaction tracking-tool on existing software to inform design decisions in an analytics-driven prototype. Second, we collected direct user feedback on this version and iterated the design, resulting in the feedback-prototype. A meta-evaluation study comparing the UX of both prototypes and the existing software revealed that, the analytics-driven prototype was rated significantly higher on the UEQ-S questionnaire than the original software. Surprisingly, there were no significant improvements in perceived UX between the analytics-prototype and the feedback-prototype despite a reduction of required actions. We conclude, that UX can be significantly enhanced through behavior analytics alone. While differences between the two prototypes were little, relevant notions can only be retrieved directly from users. Future work needs to replicate these findings with independently developed, more diverse prototypes.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Seemann, Isabell and Huber, Stephan}, booktitle = {Proceedings of Mensch Und Computer 2024}, keywords = {myown}, pages = {392–398}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, series = {MuC '24}, title = {Do We Need to Ask Our Users? Probing the Efficacy of User Behavior Analytics}, year = 2024 }
• Hölzing, Carlos Ramon, Sebastian Rumpf, Stephan Huber, Nathalie Papenfuß, Patrick Meybohm, and Oliver Happel. “The Potential of Using Generative AI NLP to Identify and Analyse Critical Incidents in a Critical Incident Reporting System (CIRS): A Feasibility Case–Control Study”. Healthcare 12, no. 19 (2024): 1964. https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/12/19/1964.
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  @article{RN1850, author = {Hölzing, Carlos Ramon and Rumpf, Sebastian and Huber, Stephan and Papenfuß, Nathalie and Meybohm, Patrick and Happel, Oliver}, journal = {Healthcare}, keywords = {papenfuß}, number = 19, pages = 1964, title = {The Potential of Using Generative AI/NLP to Identify and Analyse Critical Incidents in a Critical Incident Reporting System (CIRS): A Feasibility Case–Control Study}, type = {Journal Article}, volume = 12, year = 2024 }
• Huber, Stephan, Oliver Happel, and Tobias Grundgeiger. “Interactions, Tasks, and Roles of AI-Systems in Anaesthesiology – A Team Perspective”. In.
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  @conference{huber2024interactions, author = {Huber, Stephan and Happel, Oliver and Grundgeiger, Tobias}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, title = {Interactions, Tasks, and Roles of AI-Systems in Anaesthesiology – A Team Perspective}, year = 2024 }
• Markum, Robert B., Franzisca Maas, Sara Wolf, Brett A. Halperin, Caroline Claisse, and Elizabeth Buie. “Navigating Intersections of Religion Spirituality and Human-Computer Interaction”. In Adjunct Proceedings of the 2024 Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. NordiCHI ’24 Adjunct. Uppsala, Sweden: Association for Computing Machinery, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3677045.3685453.
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  Religion and spirituality (R/S) are an important part of many people’s lives, and while HCI is increasingly engaged in research and design in specific R/S contexts, there are many cases where researchers or designers encounter R/S outside of such contexts. In this workshop, we seek to bring together HCI researchers and designers across all research areas and with varying levels of experience with R/S to discuss encounters with R/S in their work, either intentional or not, and to develop principles and strategies to guide HCI research and design that intersects with R/S. Through this workshop, we also seek to further establish a network of scholars who can provide each other support in navigating R/S-related challenges and opportunities in their work and can participate in publication-oriented collaborations that consider the intersection of R/S and HCI.

  @inproceedings{markum2024navigating, abstract = {Religion and spirituality (R/S) are an important part of many people’s lives, and while HCI is increasingly engaged in research and design in specific R/S contexts, there are many cases where researchers or designers encounter R/S outside of such contexts. In this workshop, we seek to bring together HCI researchers and designers across all research areas and with varying levels of experience with R/S to discuss encounters with R/S in their work, either intentional or not, and to develop principles and strategies to guide HCI research and design that intersects with R/S. Through this workshop, we also seek to further establish a network of scholars who can provide each other support in navigating R/S-related challenges and opportunities in their work and can participate in publication-oriented collaborations that consider the intersection of R/S and HCI.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Markum, Robert B. and Maas, Franzisca and Wolf, Sara and Halperin, Brett A. and Claisse, Caroline and Buie, Elizabeth}, booktitle = {Adjunct Proceedings of the 2024 Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction}, keywords = {wolf}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, series = {NordiCHI '24 Adjunct}, title = {Navigating Intersections of Religion/Spirituality and Human-Computer Interaction}, year = 2024 }
• Bahnsen, Kilian L, Lucas Tiemann, Lucas Plabst, and Tobias Grundgeiger. “Augmented Reality Cues Facilitate Task Resumption After Interruptions in Computer-Based and Physical Tasks”. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI’24), 1-16. New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3613904.3642666.
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  Many work domains include numerous interruptions, which can contribute to errors. We investigated the potential of augmented reality (AR) cues to facilitate primary task resumption after interruptions of varying lengths. Experiment 1 (N = 83) involved a computer-based primary task with a red AR arrow at the to-be-resumed task step which was placed via a gesture by the participants or automatically. Compared to no cue, both cues significantly reduced the resumption lag (i.e., the time between the end of the interruption and the resumption of the primary task) following long but not short interruptions. Experiment 2 (N = 38) involved a tangible sorting task, utilizing only the automatic cue. The AR cue facilitated task resumption compared to not cue after both short and long interruptions. We demonstrated the potential of AR cues in mitigating the negative effects of interruptions and make suggestions for integrating AR technologies for task resumption.

  @inproceedings{bahnsen2024augmented, abstract = {Many work domains include numerous interruptions, which can contribute to errors. We investigated the potential of augmented reality (AR) cues to facilitate primary task resumption after interruptions of varying lengths. Experiment 1 (N = 83) involved a computer-based primary task with a red AR arrow at the to-be-resumed task step which was placed via a gesture by the participants or automatically. Compared to no cue, both cues significantly reduced the resumption lag (i.e., the time between the end of the interruption and the resumption of the primary task) following long but not short interruptions. Experiment 2 (N = 38) involved a tangible sorting task, utilizing only the automatic cue. The AR cue facilitated task resumption compared to not cue after both short and long interruptions. We demonstrated the potential of AR cues in mitigating the negative effects of interruptions and make suggestions for integrating AR technologies for task resumption.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Bahnsen, Kilian L and Tiemann, Lucas and Plabst, Lucas and Grundgeiger, Tobias}, booktitle = {CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'24)}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, pages = {1-16}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, title = {Augmented Reality Cues Facilitate Task Resumption after Interruptions in Computer-Based and Physical Tasks}, year = 2024 }
• Huber, Stephan, and Katrin St"o}tter. “Emotion Sonification As Opportunity For Inclusive Texting: Replacing Emoji With Vocal Bursts And Prosodic Voices”. In Proceedings of the 13th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. NordiCHI ’24. Uppsala, Sweden: Association for Computing Machinery, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3679318.3685403.
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  Sentiment in text messages is commonly emphasized through emoji. These pictograms are prone to misconception and non-inclusive of screen reader users due to the alt texts’ dissociation from visual emoji. Sonified emotions instead of emoji may provide an inclusive alternative. In this work, we sonified seven emotion categories relevant to text-messaging as prosodic text and vocal bursts. A quantitative online study with (n = 27) blind and visually impaired and (n = 19) sighted participants revealed that the combination of both voice qualities yields the highest recognition rates and most confident ratings. Best results are achieved if vocal bursts precede a prosodic voice. Our findings directly translate to practical implications for conveying sentiment in screen readers and voice assistants. It is up for future work to determine whether wrap-up effects known from visual processing of emoji in written text are replicable in acoustic processing of emotional cues.

  @inproceedings{10.1145/3679318.3685403, abstract = {Sentiment in text messages is commonly emphasized through emoji. These pictograms are prone to misconception and non-inclusive of screen reader users due to the alt texts’ dissociation from visual emoji. Sonified emotions instead of emoji may provide an inclusive alternative. In this work, we sonified seven emotion categories relevant to text-messaging as prosodic text and vocal bursts. A quantitative online study with (n = 27) blind and visually impaired and (n = 19) sighted participants revealed that the combination of both voice qualities yields the highest recognition rates and most confident ratings. Best results are achieved if vocal bursts precede a prosodic voice. Our findings directly translate to practical implications for conveying sentiment in screen readers and voice assistants. It is up for future work to determine whether wrap-up effects known from visual processing of emoji in written text are replicable in acoustic processing of emotional cues.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Huber, Stephan and St\"{o}tter, Katrin}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 13th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction}, keywords = {myown}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, series = {NordiCHI '24}, title = {Emotion Sonification As Opportunity For Inclusive Texting: Replacing Emoji With Vocal Bursts And Prosodic Voices}, year = 2024 }
• Wolf, Sara. “Rituals and Interactive Technologies: Designing Extraordinary Experiences”. PhD dissertation, Universit"a}t W"u}rzburg, 2024. https://doi.org/10.25972/OPUS-38832.
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  Rituals have played crucial roles in cultural, societal, and individual lives, preserving cultural memories, shaping social structures, and imbuing life with meaning. While this remains true today, rituals have evolved and people increasingly appropriate interactive technologies, even if they are not specifically designed for rituals, and irrespective of whether Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) research focuses on it. However, despite rituals’ importance for people and their increasing overlap with interactive technologies, rituals and related design issues are only vaguely researched in HCI. To address these gaps and outline this emerging research area in HCI, this thesis transfers ritual theories to HCI, structures previous work applying a newly-developed classification scheme of four ritual dimensions (ritual complexity, variability, actor(s), and origin), and condenses findings from five publications that investigated real-world cases of rituals with interactive technologies, and intentionally designed interactive technologies for rituals. This thesis presents empirical evidence for the real-world existence and relevance of rituals with interactive technologies. People of all ages use various interactive technologies for diverse rituals: Young adults invent new rituals around their smartphones to feel more grown up (P1), couples simultaneously delete their dating apps to symbolise the start of a relationship (P4), and older adults use streaming platforms to participate in worship services (P2, P3). Analysing such real-world examples, this thesis develops a second classification scheme of three roles interactive technologies take in rituals: the role of facilitators simplifying ritual tasks, enablers inviting extraordinary ritual experiences, or social actors being emotionally valued and thus taking centre stage in rituals (P1). Interactive technologies were rarely intentionally designed for use in rituals, especially as enabler or social actor, and sometimes changed rituals in undesirable ways. Therefore, this thesis delves into intentionally designing enabler and social actor technologies for rituals following a research through design approach, both in terms of the design process (P3) and outcomes (P4, P5). Three specific cases were chosen to cover the broad spectrum of rituals, from less (P4, P5) to more complex (P2, P3), prescribed (P2, P3) to newly invented (P4, P5), social (P2, P3, P4) to individual (P5) and religious (P2, P3, P5) to secular (P4). As a result, this thesis demonstrates how specific design methods, such as provotyping, can suit the unique challenges of designing interactive technologies for rituals and presents the novel provotype God-I-Box (P3). In addition, this thesis presents a novel enabler technology, El Corazón (P4), and a novel social actor technology, the Blessing Companion (P5), both intentionally designed for rituals. Reflecting on these design cases, this thesis proposes two unique experiential qualities that can inspire the future design of interactive technologies for rituals: effort of use and uncontrollability. Overall, this thesis makes empirical, artefact, methodological, and theoretical contributions that lay the foundations for ritual research in HCI. Furthermore, it provides concrete tools for analysing and designing rituals with interactive technologies, including two classification schemes and two experiential qualities, contributing to academic understanding and practical application in HCI.

  @phdthesis{wolf2024rituals, abstract = {Rituals have played crucial roles in cultural, societal, and individual lives, preserving cultural memories, shaping social structures, and imbuing life with meaning. While this remains true today, rituals have evolved and people increasingly appropriate interactive technologies, even if they are not specifically designed for rituals, and irrespective of whether Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) research focuses on it. However, despite rituals’ importance for people and their increasing overlap with interactive technologies, rituals and related design issues are only vaguely researched in HCI. To address these gaps and outline this emerging research area in HCI, this thesis transfers ritual theories to HCI, structures previous work applying a newly-developed classification scheme of four ritual dimensions (ritual complexity, variability, actor(s), and origin), and condenses findings from five publications that investigated real-world cases of rituals with interactive technologies, and intentionally designed interactive technologies for rituals. This thesis presents empirical evidence for the real-world existence and relevance of rituals with interactive technologies. People of all ages use various interactive technologies for diverse rituals: Young adults invent new rituals around their smartphones to feel more grown up (P1), couples simultaneously delete their dating apps to symbolise the start of a relationship (P4), and older adults use streaming platforms to participate in worship services (P2, P3). Analysing such real-world examples, this thesis develops a second classification scheme of three roles interactive technologies take in rituals: the role of facilitators simplifying ritual tasks, enablers inviting extraordinary ritual experiences, or social actors being emotionally valued and thus taking centre stage in rituals (P1). Interactive technologies were rarely intentionally designed for use in rituals, especially as enabler or social actor, and sometimes changed rituals in undesirable ways. Therefore, this thesis delves into intentionally designing enabler and social actor technologies for rituals following a research through design approach, both in terms of the design process (P3) and outcomes (P4, P5). Three specific cases were chosen to cover the broad spectrum of rituals, from less (P4, P5) to more complex (P2, P3), prescribed (P2, P3) to newly invented (P4, P5), social (P2, P3, P4) to individual (P5) and religious (P2, P3, P5) to secular (P4). As a result, this thesis demonstrates how specific design methods, such as provotyping, can suit the unique challenges of designing interactive technologies for rituals and presents the novel provotype God-I-Box (P3). In addition, this thesis presents a novel enabler technology, El Corazón (P4), and a novel social actor technology, the Blessing Companion (P5), both intentionally designed for rituals. Reflecting on these design cases, this thesis proposes two unique experiential qualities that can inspire the future design of interactive technologies for rituals: effort of use and uncontrollability. Overall, this thesis makes empirical, artefact, methodological, and theoretical contributions that lay the foundations for ritual research in HCI. Furthermore, it provides concrete tools for analysing and designing rituals with interactive technologies, including two classification schemes and two experiential qualities, contributing to academic understanding and practical application in HCI.}, author = {Wolf, Sara}, keywords = {wolf}, school = {Universit{\"a}t W{\"u}rzburg}, title = {Rituals and Interactive Technologies: Designing Extraordinary Experiences}, type = {doctoralthesis}, year = 2024 }
• Smith, C. Estelle, Alemitu Bezabih, Diana Freed, Brett A. Halperin, Sara Wolf, Caroline Claisse, Jingjin Li, Michael Hoefer, and Mohammad Rashidujjaman Rifat. “(Un)designing AI for Mental and Spiritual Wellbeing”. In Companion Publication of the 2024 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing, 117–120. CSCW Companion ’24. San Jose, Costa Rica: Association for Computing Machinery, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3678884.3689132.
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  With rapid advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) impacting human health and wellbeing, scholarly discourse should focus equally on the prospective opportunities and harms of Human-AI Interaction (HAI) in Computer-Supported Collaborative Work and Social Computing (CSCW). This panel invites critical interdisciplinary discussion around the (un)designing of AI by asking: how, when, where, and why should AI (not) be involved in sociotechnical systems for mental and spiritual health and wellbeing? Motivated by functional, technical, and ethical concerns, the panel aims to ensure that: (1) progress in HAI for mental and spiritual health is informed by expertise from the respective clinical disciplines; (2) ethical and responsible design principles lie at the core of research motivations and methodologies; and (3) AI hype can be tempered by caution given its impacts on marginalized and stigmatized groups. A panel of respected experts in mental health, spiritual care, and AI will discuss CSCW topics regarding HAI in contexts of clinical practice (e.g., electronic health records, patient portals, decision-making and referral systems, technology-supported interactions during bedside care or clinical appointments) as well as social contexts beyond the clinic (e.g., social apps, online health communities and social media, and computer-mediated communication in spiritual/religious groups).

  @inproceedings{smith2024undesigning, abstract = {With rapid advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) impacting human health and wellbeing, scholarly discourse should focus equally on the prospective opportunities and harms of Human-AI Interaction (HAI) in Computer-Supported Collaborative Work and Social Computing (CSCW). This panel invites critical interdisciplinary discussion around the (un)designing of AI by asking: how, when, where, and why should AI (not) be involved in sociotechnical systems for mental and spiritual health and wellbeing? Motivated by functional, technical, and ethical concerns, the panel aims to ensure that: (1) progress in HAI for mental and spiritual health is informed by expertise from the respective clinical disciplines; (2) ethical and responsible design principles lie at the core of research motivations and methodologies; and (3) AI hype can be tempered by caution given its impacts on marginalized and stigmatized groups. A panel of respected experts in mental health, spiritual care, and AI will discuss CSCW topics regarding HAI in contexts of clinical practice (e.g., electronic health records, patient portals, decision-making and referral systems, technology-supported interactions during bedside care or clinical appointments) as well as social contexts beyond the clinic (e.g., social apps, online health communities and social media, and computer-mediated communication in spiritual/religious groups).}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Smith, C. Estelle and Bezabih, Alemitu and Freed, Diana and Halperin, Brett A. and Wolf, Sara and Claisse, Caroline and Li, Jingjin and Hoefer, Michael and Rifat, Mohammad Rashidujjaman}, booktitle = {Companion Publication of the 2024 Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing}, keywords = {wolf}, pages = {117–120}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, series = {CSCW Companion '24}, title = {(Un)designing AI for Mental and Spiritual Wellbeing}, year = 2024 }
• Grundgeiger, Tobias, Christian Juranz, and Oliver Happel. “Motives and Fluent Interaction in Clinical Documentation: An Experience-Based Design for a Documentation Tool in Anesthesiology”. Human Factors in Healthcare 5 (2024): 100071. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hfh.2024.100071.
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  Documentation in anesthesiology is important but documentation quality is poor and frequently delayed. Using documentation in anesthesiology, we suggest an experience-based design approach that considers users’ motives and work practices in the design of technology to provide users with the experience of achieving valued motives (activity theory) and a fluent interaction with the environment (embodiment). We conducted an ethnographic study to identify documentation work practices, the anesthesiologists’ motives for documenting, and assess documentation quality. Based on the data and with the theoretical premises of activity theory and embodiment in mind, we designed the functions and interaction of a speech-based documentation tool. Using the Wizard of Oz method in a simulated induction of general anesthesia, we showed that the tool enabled fluent interaction, addressed a motive that anesthesiologists valued, and increased the documentation quality. We demonstrated that an experience-based design can enhance documentation quality and has the potential to contribute to safety and efficiency in safety-critical domains and provide grounds for future decision support systems.

  @article{grundgeiger2024motives, abstract = {Documentation in anesthesiology is important but documentation quality is poor and frequently delayed. Using documentation in anesthesiology, we suggest an experience-based design approach that considers users’ motives and work practices in the design of technology to provide users with the experience of achieving valued motives (activity theory) and a fluent interaction with the environment (embodiment). We conducted an ethnographic study to identify documentation work practices, the anesthesiologists’ motives for documenting, and assess documentation quality. Based on the data and with the theoretical premises of activity theory and embodiment in mind, we designed the functions and interaction of a speech-based documentation tool. Using the Wizard of Oz method in a simulated induction of general anesthesia, we showed that the tool enabled fluent interaction, addressed a motive that anesthesiologists valued, and increased the documentation quality. We demonstrated that an experience-based design can enhance documentation quality and has the potential to contribute to safety and efficiency in safety-critical domains and provide grounds for future decision support systems.}, author = {Grundgeiger, Tobias and Juranz, Christian and Happel, Oliver}, booktitle = {Human Factors in Healthcare}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, pages = 100071, title = {Motives and Fluent Interaction in Clinical Documentation: An Experience-Based design for a Documentation Tool in Anesthesiology}, volume = 5, year = 2024 }
• Huber, Stephan, Nathalie Bettina Elisabetha Papenfuß, Lea Weppert, Valentina Wohlfart, Johannes Basch, Oliver Happel, and Tobias Grundgeiger. “Hiring an AI: Incorporating Personnel Selection Methods in User-Centered Design to Design AI Agents for Safety-Critical Domains”. In Adjunct Proceedings of the 2024 Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. NordiCHI ’24 Adjunct. Uppsala, Sweden: Association for Computing Machinery, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3677045.3685418.
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  Enhancing human teams with AI is currently aspired across application domains. However, the prospective team role of high-performing AI-agents is rarely considered. In this paper, we propose a new method complementing existing user-centered design processes to define an AI-agent personality that suits the team. Inspired by personnel selection methods, the hiring an AI workshop prompts teams from safety-critical domains to 1) remember past incidents, 2) envision the personality and competence of their desired teammate, and 3) validate how the teammate would act in described incidents. Clustering and modeling the data made it accessible to interdisciplinary teams. Incorporating the models into the ideation process and revisiting the data for a personality drill-down exceeded insights from contextual inquiries and had a measurable impact (i.e., downstream utility) on the visions. Participants’ humanizing descriptions of a knowing and competent, yet modest teammate raise challenges for technical implementation and questions on future team-collaboration in safety-critical domains.

  @inproceedings{10.1145/3677045.3685418, abstract = {Enhancing human teams with AI is currently aspired across application domains. However, the prospective team role of high-performing AI-agents is rarely considered. In this paper, we propose a new method complementing existing user-centered design processes to define an AI-agent personality that suits the team. Inspired by personnel selection methods, the hiring an AI workshop prompts teams from safety-critical domains to 1) remember past incidents, 2) envision the personality and competence of their desired teammate, and 3) validate how the teammate would act in described incidents. Clustering and modeling the data made it accessible to interdisciplinary teams. Incorporating the models into the ideation process and revisiting the data for a personality drill-down exceeded insights from contextual inquiries and had a measurable impact (i.e., downstream utility) on the visions. Participants’ humanizing descriptions of a knowing and competent, yet modest teammate raise challenges for technical implementation and questions on future team-collaboration in safety-critical domains.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Huber, Stephan and Papenfuß, Nathalie Bettina Elisabetha and Weppert, Lea and Wohlfart, Valentina and Basch, Johannes and Happel, Oliver and Grundgeiger, Tobias}, booktitle = {Adjunct Proceedings of the 2024 Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, series = {NordiCHI '24 Adjunct}, title = {Hiring an AI: Incorporating Personnel Selection Methods in User-Centered Design to Design AI Agents for Safety-Critical Domains}, year = 2024 }
• Ppali, Sophia, Marina Pasia, Sara Wolf, Jihae Han, Reese Muntean, Minyoung Yoo, Kasper Rodil, et al. “Sensing Heritage: Exploring Creative Approaches for Capturing, Experiencing and Safeguarding the Sensorial Aspects of Cultural Heritage”. In Companion Publication of the 2024 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference, 445–448. DIS ’24 Companion. IT University of Copenhagen, Denmark: Association for Computing Machinery, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3656156.3658400.
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  Whilst there is increasing work investigating the role of digital documentation, interpretation, and augmentation of cultural heritage, such interventions have largely focused on visual and sometimes auditory modalities, neglecting the full spectrum of human senses. With this workshop we seek to bring together an interdisciplinary group of researchers, designers, practitioners and community members to explore creative approaches for documenting and experiencing cultural heritage’s rich sensory dimensions extending beyond visual-based approaches to encompass sound, smell, taste, and touch. The workshop directly aligns with the conference’s exploration of "Why Design?" by utilising design as a powerful, empathetic, and participatory tool for safeguarding cultural heritage. Our goal is to extend our understanding of concepts, methods and technologies for capturing and experiencing sensory heritage, advocating for a holistic approach that celebrates and communicates the profound sensory diversity of human cultures, inspiring a shift in how we document, interpret and share cultural heritage.

  @inproceedings{ppali2024sensing, abstract = {Whilst there is increasing work investigating the role of digital documentation, interpretation, and augmentation of cultural heritage, such interventions have largely focused on visual and sometimes auditory modalities, neglecting the full spectrum of human senses. With this workshop we seek to bring together an interdisciplinary group of researchers, designers, practitioners and community members to explore creative approaches for documenting and experiencing cultural heritage’s rich sensory dimensions extending beyond visual-based approaches to encompass sound, smell, taste, and touch. The workshop directly aligns with the conference’s exploration of "Why Design?" by utilising design as a powerful, empathetic, and participatory tool for safeguarding cultural heritage. Our goal is to extend our understanding of concepts, methods and technologies for capturing and experiencing sensory heritage, advocating for a holistic approach that celebrates and communicates the profound sensory diversity of human cultures, inspiring a shift in how we document, interpret and share cultural heritage.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Ppali, Sophia and Pasia, Marina and Wolf, Sara and Han, Jihae and Muntean, Reese and Yoo, Minyoung and Rodil, Kasper and Berger, Arne and Papallas, Andreas and Ciolfi, Luigina and Stevens, John and Covaci, Alexandra}, booktitle = {Companion Publication of the 2024 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference}, keywords = {wolf}, pages = {445–448}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, series = {DIS '24 Companion}, title = {Sensing Heritage: Exploring Creative Approaches for Capturing, Experiencing and Safeguarding the Sensorial Aspects of Cultural Heritage}, year = 2024 }
• Markum, Robert B., Sara Wolf, Caroline Claisse, and Michael Hoefer. “Mediating the Sacred: Configuring a Design Space for Religious and Spiritual Tangible Interactive Artifacts”. In Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction. TEI ’24. Cork, Ireland: Association for Computing Machinery, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3623509.3633353.
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  Tangible artifacts and embodied experiences are central to religious and spiritual (R/S) practices, and many HCI researchers and interaction designers highlight the importance of materiality and physicality in design. In this review paper, we bring these perspectives together and examine 44 examples of R/S tangible interactive artifacts (TIAs) from academia, art, industry, and R/S communities to understand their specifics and guide future HCI research and design. We analyze these artifacts and map out a design space for R/S TIAs by matching identified characteristics of R/S TIAs with a framework from the study of material religion. The descriptive and generative R/S TIA Design Space covers insights into bodies, things, places, practices, and backgrounds. This paper offers a novel contribution to HCI research on the value and importance of tangibility and embodiment in technology-mediated practices in R/S contexts and serves as a source for future R/S TIA creation and research.

  @inproceedings{markum2024mediating, abstract = {Tangible artifacts and embodied experiences are central to religious and spiritual (R/S) practices, and many HCI researchers and interaction designers highlight the importance of materiality and physicality in design. In this review paper, we bring these perspectives together and examine 44 examples of R/S tangible interactive artifacts (TIAs) from academia, art, industry, and R/S communities to understand their specifics and guide future HCI research and design. We analyze these artifacts and map out a design space for R/S TIAs by matching identified characteristics of R/S TIAs with a framework from the study of material religion. The descriptive and generative R/S TIA Design Space covers insights into bodies, things, places, practices, and backgrounds. This paper offers a novel contribution to HCI research on the value and importance of tangibility and embodiment in technology-mediated practices in R/S contexts and serves as a source for future R/S TIA creation and research.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Markum, Robert B. and Wolf, Sara and Claisse, Caroline and Hoefer, Michael}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction}, keywords = {wolf}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, series = {TEI '24}, title = {Mediating the Sacred: Configuring a Design Space for Religious and Spiritual Tangible Interactive Artifacts}, year = 2024 }
• Fischer, Paul, Robin Abendschein, Monika Berberich, Tobias Grundgeiger, Patrick Meybohm, Thorsten Smul, and Oliver Happel. “Improved Recall of Handover Information in a Simulated Emergency – A Randomised Controlled Trial”. Resuscitation Plus 18 (June 2024): 100612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resplu.2024.100612.
  • [ BibTeX ]
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  • [ DOI ]
  @article{fischer2024improved, author = {Fischer, Paul and Abendschein, Robin and Berberich, Monika and Grundgeiger, Tobias and Meybohm, Patrick and Smul, Thorsten and Happel, Oliver}, journal = {Resuscitation Plus}, keywords = {abendschein}, month = {06}, pages = 100612, publisher = {Elsevier BV}, title = {Improved recall of handover information in a simulated emergency – A randomised controlled trial}, volume = 18, year = 2024 }
• Hostler, Thomas J., Giulia L. Poerio, Clau Nader, Safiyya Mank, Andrew C. Lin, Mario Villena-González, Lemera Asmr, et al. “Research Priorities for Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response: An Interdisciplinary Delphi Study”. Multisensory Research 37, no. 6–8 (November 2024): 499–528. https://doi.org/10.1163/22134808-bja10136.
  • [ BibTeX ]
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  @article{hostler2024research, author = {Hostler, Thomas J. and Poerio, Giulia L. and Nader, Clau and Mank, Safiyya and Lin, Andrew C. and Villena-González, Mario and Asmr, Lemera and Asmr, Sharon Shares and Asmr, Yoloma and Asmr, Moongem and Plutzik, Nate and Ahuja, Nitin K. and Baker, Daniel H. and Bannister, Scott and Barratt, Emma L. and Bedwell, Stacey A. and Billot, Pierre-Edouard and Blakey, Emma and Cardini, Flavia and Cash, Daniella K. and Davis, Nick J. and Del Sette, Bleiz M. and Erfanian, Mercede and Flockton, Josephine R. and Fredborg, Beverley and Gillmeister, Helge and Gray, Emma and Haigh, Sarah M. and Heisick, Laura L. and McErlean, Agnieszka Janik and Breth Klausen, Helle and Kondo, Hirohito M. and Maas, Franzisca and Taylor Maurand, L. and McKay, Lawrie S. and Mozzoni, Marco and Navyte, Gabriele and Ortega-Balderas, Jessica A. and Palmer-Cooper, Emma C. and Richard, Craig A. H. and Roberts, Natalie and Romei, Vincenzo and Schoeller, Felix and Shaw, Steven D. and Simner, Julia and Smith, Stephen D. and Specker, Eva and Succi, Angelica and Valtakari, Niilo V. and Weinheimer, Jennie and Zehetgrube, Jasper}, journal = {Multisensory Research}, keywords = {myown}, month = 11, number = {6–8}, pages = {499–528}, publisher = {Brill}, title = {Research priorities for Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response: An interdisciplinary delphi study}, volume = 37, year = 2024 }

• Huber, Stephan, and Natalie Rath\ss{}. “Empathic Accuracy and Mental Effort During Remote Assessments of Emotions”. In Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. CHI ’23. Hamburg, Germany: Association for Computing Machinery, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1145/3544548.3580824.
  • [ Abstract ]
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  Observing users in remote settings is unfavorable because it adds filters altering the information that underlie judgement. Still, the COVID pandemic led to an unprecedented popularity of remote user experience tests. In this work, we revisited the question, which information is most important for evaluators to assess users’ emotions successfully and efficiently. In an online study, we asked N=55 participants to assess users’ emotions from short videos of 30 interaction situations. As independent variable, we manipulated the combination of the information channels video of users, video of the interactive technology, and audio within subjects. Our findings indicate that empathic accuracy is highest and mental effort is lowest when all stimuli are present. Surprisingly, empathic accuracy was lowest and mental effort highest, when only video of users was available. We discuss these findings in the light of emotion literature focusing on persons’ facial expressions and derive practical implications for remote observations.

  @inproceedings{10.1145/3544548.3580824, abstract = {Observing users in remote settings is unfavorable because it adds filters altering the information that underlie judgement. Still, the COVID pandemic led to an unprecedented popularity of remote user experience tests. In this work, we revisited the question, which information is most important for evaluators to assess users’ emotions successfully and efficiently. In an online study, we asked N=55 participants to assess users’ emotions from short videos of 30 interaction situations. As independent variable, we manipulated the combination of the information channels video of users, video of the interactive technology, and audio within subjects. Our findings indicate that empathic accuracy is highest and mental effort is lowest when all stimuli are present. Surprisingly, empathic accuracy was lowest and mental effort highest, when only video of users was available. We discuss these findings in the light of emotion literature focusing on persons’ facial expressions and derive practical implications for remote observations.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Huber, Stephan and Rath\ss{}, Natalie}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, keywords = {myown}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, series = {CHI '23}, title = {Empathic Accuracy and Mental Effort During Remote Assessments of Emotions}, year = 2023 }
• Bott, Myriam, and Sara Wolf. “SustainTourism – Experiencing Tourism From Home”. Bonn, DE: Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V, 2023. https://doi.org/10.18420/muc2023-mci-src-401.
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  Tourist travel contributes to greenhouse gas emissions, but exploring alternative forms of tourism is limited. Virtual tourism ofers a possible solution but is often limited to seeing other places and its added value still needs to be explored. To understand the experiences and needs of virtual tourists, we conducted a Cultural Probe study with 28 participants. Key insights from this process were to conceptualize tourism experiences as a process rather than a one-of moment, engaging all the senses or allowing to connect with locals. Based on these insights, we iteratively developed SustainTourism, an app-based platform that connects virtual tourists with experiences curated by locals. The platform guides users through a multi-day process, from anticipation to individual experiences and moments of remembrance. Our next steps involve studying the impact of SustainTourism on virtual tourism experiences and exploring additional ways to meet virtual tourists’ needs.

  @misc{bott2023sustaintourism, abstract = {Tourist travel contributes to greenhouse gas emissions, but exploring alternative forms of tourism is limited. Virtual tourism ofers a possible solution but is often limited to seeing other places and its added value still needs to be explored. To understand the experiences and needs of virtual tourists, we conducted a Cultural Probe study with 28 participants. Key insights from this process were to conceptualize tourism experiences as a process rather than a one-of moment, engaging all the senses or allowing to connect with locals. Based on these insights, we iteratively developed SustainTourism, an app-based platform that connects virtual tourists with experiences curated by locals. The platform guides users through a multi-day process, from anticipation to individual experiences and moments of remembrance. Our next steps involve studying the impact of SustainTourism on virtual tourism experiences and exploring additional ways to meet virtual tourists’ needs.}, address = {Bonn, DE}, author = {Bott, Myriam and Wolf, Sara}, howpublished = {Mensch und Computer 2023 - Workshopband}, keywords = {wolf}, publisher = {Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V.}, title = {SustainTourism – Experiencing Tourism From Home}, year = 2023 }
• Huber, Stephan, Nathalie Papenfuß, Tobias Grundgeiger, Johannes Basch, and Oliver Happel. “Hiring an AI: The Design of an Artificial Team-Member for Anesthesiology”. In CHI’23 Workshop on Intelligent Data-Driven Health Interfaces. https://iddhi2022.create.aau.dk/?page_id=53.
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  @inproceedings{RN1473, author = {Huber, Stephan and Papenfuß, Nathalie and Grundgeiger, Tobias and Basch, Johannes and Happel, Oliver}, booktitle = {CHI’23 workshop on Intelligent Data-Driven Health Interfaces}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, title = {Hiring an AI: The Design of an Artificial Team-Member for Anesthesiology}, type = {Conference Proceedings}, year = 2023 }
• Abendschein, Robin, Shital Desai, and Arlene J. Astell. “Towards Accessibility Guidelines for the Metaverse : A Synthesis of Recommendations for People Living With Dementia”. In Workshop Proceedings: Towards an Inclusive and Accessible Metaverse at CHI’23. Universität Würzburg, 2023. https://doi.org/10.25972/OPUS-32019.
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  Given the growing interest of corporate stakeholders in Metaverse applications, there is a need to understand accessibility of these technologies for marginalized populations such as people living with dementia to ensure inclusive design of Metaverse applications. We assessed the accessibility of extended reality technology for people living with mild cognitive impairment and dementia to develop accessibility guidelines for these technologies. We used four strategies to synthesize evidence for barriers and facilitators of accessibility: (1) Findings from a non-systematic literature review, (2) guidelines from well-researched technology, (3) exploration of selected mixed reality technologies, and (4) observations from four sessions and video data of people living with dementia using mixed reality technologies. We utilized template analysis to develop codes and themes towards accessibility guidelines. Future work can validate our preliminary findings by applying them on video recordings or testing them in experiments.

  @inproceedings{abendschein2023towards, abstract = {Given the growing interest of corporate stakeholders in Metaverse applications, there is a need to understand accessibility of these technologies for marginalized populations such as people living with dementia to ensure inclusive design of Metaverse applications. We assessed the accessibility of extended reality technology for people living with mild cognitive impairment and dementia to develop accessibility guidelines for these technologies. We used four strategies to synthesize evidence for barriers and facilitators of accessibility: (1) Findings from a non-systematic literature review, (2) guidelines from well-researched technology, (3) exploration of selected mixed reality technologies, and (4) observations from four sessions and video data of people living with dementia using mixed reality technologies. We utilized template analysis to develop codes and themes towards accessibility guidelines. Future work can validate our preliminary findings by applying them on video recordings or testing them in experiments.}, author = {Abendschein, Robin and Desai, Shital and Astell, Arlene J.}, booktitle = {Workshop Proceedings: Towards an Inclusive and Accessible Metaverse at CHI'23}, keywords = {abendschein}, publisher = {Universität Würzburg}, title = {Towards Accessibility Guidelines for the Metaverse : A Synthesis of Recommendations for People Living With Dementia}, year = 2023 }
• Grundgeiger, Tobias, Alea Münz, Paul Schlosser, and Oliver Happel. “Supervising Multiple Operating Rooms Using a Head-Worn Display: A Longitudinal Evaluation of the Experience of Supervising Anesthesiologists and Their Co-Workers”. In 2023 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’23). New York, NY, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1145/3544548.3581180.
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  Research has explored head-worn displays (HWD) in various professional contexts. However, evaluations have been limited by short-term use, a focus on the person using the HWD, and on performance variables. In a field study, we evaluated a monocular, opaque HWD for multi-patient monitoring, which supervising anesthesiologists wore for 8-10 days each. We investigated the effect of prolonged HWD use on the experience of the supervising anesthesiologists and their co-workers using interviews and repeated observations. A reflexive thematic analysis showed (1) interaction and mindset changes over time, (2) information on the HWD is more than numbers, (3) the HWD affects co-workers' collaboration with supervisors, and (4) distraction depends on the point of view. Using activity theory, we discuss the fact that HWD use develops and changes over time and that even a single-user HWD influences the collaboration with co-workers. We conclude with implications for HWD design, implementation, and evaluation.

  @inproceedings{grundgeiger2023supervising, abstract = {Research has explored head-worn displays (HWD) in various professional contexts. However, evaluations have been limited by short-term use, a focus on the person using the HWD, and on performance variables. In a field study, we evaluated a monocular, opaque HWD for multi-patient monitoring, which supervising anesthesiologists wore for 8-10 days each. We investigated the effect of prolonged HWD use on the experience of the supervising anesthesiologists and their co-workers using interviews and repeated observations. A reflexive thematic analysis showed (1) interaction and mindset changes over time, (2) information on the HWD is more than numbers, (3) the HWD affects co-workers' collaboration with supervisors, and (4) distraction depends on the point of view. Using activity theory, we discuss the fact that HWD use develops and changes over time and that even a single-user HWD influences the collaboration with co-workers. We conclude with implications for HWD design, implementation, and evaluation.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Grundgeiger, Tobias and Münz, Alea and Schlosser, Paul and Happel, Oliver}, booktitle = {2023 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’23)}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, title = {Supervising Multiple Operating Rooms Using a Head-Worn display: A Longitudinal Evaluation of the Experience of Supervising Anesthesiologists and Their Co-Workers}, year = 2023 }
• Grundgeiger, Tobias, Annabell Michalek, Felix Hahn, Thomas Wurmb, Patrick Meybohm, and Oliver Happel. “Guiding Attention via a Cognitive Aid During a Simulated in-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Scenario: A SEEV Model Analysis”. Human Factors 65, no. 8 (2023): 1689-1701. https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208211060586.
  • [ Abstract ]
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  Objective To investigate the effect of a cognitive aid on the visual attention distribution of the operator using the Salience Effort Expectancy Value (SEEV) model. Background Cognitive aids aim to support an operator during the execution of a task. The effect of cognitive aids on performance is frequently evaluated but whether a cognitive aid improved, for example, attention distribution has not been considered. Method We built the Expectancy Value (EV) model version which can be considered to indicate optimal attention distribution for a given event. We analyzed the eye tracking data of emergency physicians while using a cognitive aid application versus no application during a simulated in-hospital cardiac arrest scenario. Results The EV model could fit the attention distribution in such a simulated emergency situation. Partially supporting our hypothesis, the cognitive aid application group showed a significantly better EV model fit than the no application group in the first phases of the event, but a worse fit in the last phase. Conclusion We demonstrated that a cognitive aid affected attention distribution and that the SEEV model provides the means of capturing these effects. We suggest that the aid supported and improved visual attention distribution in the stressful first phases of a cardiopulmonary resuscitation but may have focused attention on objects that are relevant for lower priority goals in the last phase. Application The SEEV model can provide insights into expected and unexpected effects of cognitive aids on visual attention distribution and may help to design better artifacts.

  @article{grundgeiger2023guiding, abstract = {Objective To investigate the effect of a cognitive aid on the visual attention distribution of the operator using the Salience Effort Expectancy Value (SEEV) model. Background Cognitive aids aim to support an operator during the execution of a task. The effect of cognitive aids on performance is frequently evaluated but whether a cognitive aid improved, for example, attention distribution has not been considered. Method We built the Expectancy Value (EV) model version which can be considered to indicate optimal attention distribution for a given event. We analyzed the eye tracking data of emergency physicians while using a cognitive aid application versus no application during a simulated in-hospital cardiac arrest scenario. Results The EV model could fit the attention distribution in such a simulated emergency situation. Partially supporting our hypothesis, the cognitive aid application group showed a significantly better EV model fit than the no application group in the first phases of the event, but a worse fit in the last phase. Conclusion We demonstrated that a cognitive aid affected attention distribution and that the SEEV model provides the means of capturing these effects. We suggest that the aid supported and improved visual attention distribution in the stressful first phases of a cardiopulmonary resuscitation but may have focused attention on objects that are relevant for lower priority goals in the last phase. Application The SEEV model can provide insights into expected and unexpected effects of cognitive aids on visual attention distribution and may help to design better artifacts.}, author = {Grundgeiger, Tobias and Michalek, Annabell and Hahn, Felix and Wurmb, Thomas and Meybohm, Patrick and Happel, Oliver}, booktitle = {Human Factors}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, number = 8, pages = {1689-1701}, title = {Guiding attention via a cognitive aid during a simulated in-hospital cardiac arrest scenario: a SEEV model analysis}, volume = 65, year = 2023 }
• Markum, Robert B., Sara Wolf, Michael Hoefer, and Franzisca Maas. “Designing Tangible Interactive Artifacts for Religious and Spiritual Purposes”. In Companion Publication of the 2023 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference, 117–120. DIS ’23 Companion. Pittsburgh, PA, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1145/3563703.3591463.
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  From candles to prayer beads to icons and more, tangible artifacts have long played a central role in religious and spiritual life. However, despite growing interest in HCI on design within religious and spiritual contexts, the intentional design of tangible interactive artifacts for religious or spiritual purposes is still relatively uncommon. This workshop aims at advancing our understanding of tangible interactive artifact design in religious and spiritual contexts and how religious and spiritual purposes may offer alternative approaches to design. We invite those interested from all professional and religious/spiritual backgrounds to imagine and design tangible interactive artifacts for religious or spiritual purposes such as beliefs, practices, or rituals. The workshop will include the demonstration of (imagined) artifacts, reflection on designing for religious/spiritual purposes, and hands-on design sessions.

  @inproceedings{markum2023designing, abstract = {From candles to prayer beads to icons and more, tangible artifacts have long played a central role in religious and spiritual life. However, despite growing interest in HCI on design within religious and spiritual contexts, the intentional design of tangible interactive artifacts for religious or spiritual purposes is still relatively uncommon. This workshop aims at advancing our understanding of tangible interactive artifact design in religious and spiritual contexts and how religious and spiritual purposes may offer alternative approaches to design. We invite those interested from all professional and religious/spiritual backgrounds to imagine and design tangible interactive artifacts for religious or spiritual purposes such as beliefs, practices, or rituals. The workshop will include the demonstration of (imagined) artifacts, reflection on designing for religious/spiritual purposes, and hands-on design sessions.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Markum, Robert B. and Wolf, Sara and Hoefer, Michael and Maas, Franzisca}, booktitle = {Companion Publication of the 2023 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference}, keywords = {wolf}, pages = {117–120}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, series = {DIS '23 Companion}, title = {Designing Tangible Interactive Artifacts for Religious and Spiritual Purposes}, year = 2023 }
• Berger, Arne, Henrik Mucha, Viktoria Horn, Andreas Bischof, Torben Volkmann, Claude Draude, Alexa Becker, et al. “Partizipative Und Sozialverantwortliche Technikentwicklung”. Bonn, DE: Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V, 2023. https://doi.org/10.18420/muc2023-mci-ws02-103.
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  Im Workshop treffen sich Forscher*innen und Praktiker*innen zu Austausch und Diskussion über die Beteiligung von Nutzer*innen an Technikentwicklungsprozessen. Sie gehen dabei der Frage nach, wie Partizipation dem Anspruch auf Demokratisierung und Empowerment in Forschung und Praxis gerecht werden kann. Der Workshop dient auch als jährliches Treffen der Fachgruppe „Partizipation“ im Fachbereich Mensch-Computer-Interaktion (MCI) der Gesellschaft für Informatik (GI).

  @misc{berger2023partizipative, abstract = {Im Workshop treffen sich Forscher*innen und Praktiker*innen zu Austausch und Diskussion über die Beteiligung von Nutzer*innen an Technikentwicklungsprozessen. Sie gehen dabei der Frage nach, wie Partizipation dem Anspruch auf Demokratisierung und Empowerment in Forschung und Praxis gerecht werden kann. Der Workshop dient auch als jährliches Treffen der Fachgruppe „Partizipation“ im Fachbereich Mensch-Computer-Interaktion (MCI) der Gesellschaft für Informatik (GI).}, address = {Bonn, DE}, author = {Berger, Arne and Mucha, Henrik and Horn, Viktoria and Bischof, Andreas and Volkmann, Torben and Draude, Claude and Becker, Alexa and Haupt, Benedikt and Jarke, Juliane and Maas, Franzisca and Wolf, Sara and Dhungel, Anna-Katharina and Buchmüller, Sandra and Marsden, Nicola 0}, howpublished = {Mensch und Computer 2023 - Workshopband}, keywords = {wolf}, publisher = {Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V.}, title = {Partizipative und Sozialverantwortliche Technikentwicklung}, year = 2023 }
• Grundgeiger, Tobias, Franz Ertle, Daniel Diethei, Christopf Mengelkamp, and Volker Held. “Improving Procedural Skills Acquisition of Students During Medical Device Training: Experiments on E-Learning Vs. E-Learning With Hands-on”. Advances in Health Sciences Education 28 (2023): 127–146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-022-10148-0.
  • [ Abstract ]
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  In the context of medical device training, e-Learning can address problems like unstandardized content and different learning paces. However, staff and students value hands-on activities during medical device training. In a blended learning approach, we examined whether using a syringe pump while conducting an e-Learning program improves the procedural skills needed to operate the pump compared to using the e-Learning program only. In two experiments, the e-Learning only group learned using only the e-Learning program. The e-Learning + hands-on group was instructed to use a syringe pump during the e-Learning to repeat the presented content (section “Experiment 1”) or to alternate between learning on the e-Learning program and applying the learned content using the pump (section “Experiment 2”). We conducted a skills test, a knowledge test, and assessed confidence in using the pump immediately after learning and two weeks later. Simply repeating the content (section “Experiment 1”) did not improve performance of e-Learning + hands-on compared with e-Learning only. The instructed learning process (section “Experiment 1”) resulted in significantly better skills test performance for e-Learning + hands-on compared to the e-Learning only. Only a structured learning process based on multi-media learning principles and memory research improved procedural skills in relation to operating a medical device.

  @article{grundgeiger2023improving, abstract = {In the context of medical device training, e-Learning can address problems like unstandardized content and different learning paces. However, staff and students value hands-on activities during medical device training. In a blended learning approach, we examined whether using a syringe pump while conducting an e-Learning program improves the procedural skills needed to operate the pump compared to using the e-Learning program only. In two experiments, the e-Learning only group learned using only the e-Learning program. The e-Learning + hands-on group was instructed to use a syringe pump during the e-Learning to repeat the presented content (section “Experiment 1”) or to alternate between learning on the e-Learning program and applying the learned content using the pump (section “Experiment 2”). We conducted a skills test, a knowledge test, and assessed confidence in using the pump immediately after learning and two weeks later. Simply repeating the content (section “Experiment 1”) did not improve performance of e-Learning + hands-on compared with e-Learning only. The instructed learning process (section “Experiment 1”) resulted in significantly better skills test performance for e-Learning + hands-on compared to the e-Learning only. Only a structured learning process based on multi-media learning principles and memory research improved procedural skills in relation to operating a medical device.}, author = {Grundgeiger, Tobias and Ertle, Franz and Diethei, Daniel and Mengelkamp, Christopf and Held, Volker}, booktitle = {Advances in Health Sciences Education}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, pages = {127–146}, title = {Improving procedural skills acquisition of students during medical device training: experiments on e-Learning vs. e-Learning with hands-on}, volume = 28, year = 2023 }
• Popp, Alisa, Magdalena Hartmann, and Stephan Huber. “Acrosuit: Promoting Improvisation in Acroyogis With Tactile and Visual Cues”. In Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction. TEI ’23. Warsaw, Poland: Association for Computing Machinery, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1145/3569009.3573118.
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  Acroyoga practitioners either follow predefined choreographies or play freely to create compositions of two bodies’ poses and transitions. To support their free play, we created the training technology probe Acrosuit. The Acrosuit gives visual or vibrotactile cues to propose a novel point of contact without instructions how to get there. We invited acroyogis to exploratively play with the suit and gained qualitative insights on whether and how they used the cues. The suit influenced their practice and in some cases also the way of communication between the partners. Experiencing the shifts in communication caused by the Acrosuit made acroyogis more conscious about their interaction without the technology.

  @inproceedings{10.1145/3569009.3573118, abstract = {Acroyoga practitioners either follow predefined choreographies or play freely to create compositions of two bodies’ poses and transitions. To support their free play, we created the training technology probe Acrosuit. The Acrosuit gives visual or vibrotactile cues to propose a novel point of contact without instructions how to get there. We invited acroyogis to exploratively play with the suit and gained qualitative insights on whether and how they used the cues. The suit influenced their practice and in some cases also the way of communication between the partners. Experiencing the shifts in communication caused by the Acrosuit made acroyogis more conscious about their interaction without the technology.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Popp, Alisa and Hartmann, Magdalena and Huber, Stephan}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Seventeenth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction}, keywords = {myown}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, series = {TEI '23}, title = {Acrosuit: Promoting Improvisation in Acroyogis With Tactile and Visual Cues}, year = 2023 }
• Huber, Stephan. “Proxemo: Documenting Observed Emotions in HCI Proxemo: Die Dokumentation Beobachteter Emotionen in Der Mensch-Computer-Interaktion”. PhD dissertation, University of Wuerzburg, 2023. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.25972/OPUS-30573.
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  @phdthesis{RN1469, author = {Huber, Stephan}, keywords = {myown}, school = {University of Wuerzburg}, title = {Proxemo: Documenting Observed Emotions in HCI Proxemo: Die Dokumentation Beobachteter Emotionen in der Mensch-Computer-Interaktion}, type = {Doctoral Dissertation}, year = 2023 }

• Huber, Stephan, Johanna Gramlich, Selina Pauli, Simon Mundschenk, Eliana Haugg, and Tobias Grundgeiger. “Toward User Experience in ATC: Exploring Novel Interface Concepts for Air Traffic Control”. Interacting With Computers, 2022, iwac032. https://doi.org/10.1093/iwc/iwac032.
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  @article{RN1427, author = {Huber, Stephan and Gramlich, Johanna and Pauli, Selina and Mundschenk, Simon and Haugg, Eliana and Grundgeiger, Tobias}, journal = {Interacting with Computers}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, pages = {iwac032}, title = {Toward User Experience in ATC: Exploring Novel Interface Concepts for Air Traffic Control}, type = {Journal Article}, year = 2022 }
• Mucha, Henrik, Ana Correia de Barros, Jesse Josua Benjamin, Christoph Benzmüller, Andreas Bischof, Sandra Buchmüller, Alexandra de Carvalho, et al. “Collaborative Speculations on Future Themes for Participatory Design in Germany”. I-com 21, no. 2 (2022): 283-98. https://doi.org/doi:10.1515/icom-2021-0030.
  • [ Abstract ]
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  Participatory Design means recognizing that those who will be affected by a future technology should have an active say in its creation. Yet, despite continuous interest in involving people as future users and consumers into designing novel and innovative future technology, participatory approaches in technology design remain relatively underdeveloped in the German HCI community. This article brings together the diversity of voices, domains, perspectives, approaches, and methods that collectively shape Participatory Design in Germany. In the following, we (1) outline our understanding of participatory practice and how it is different from mere user involvement; (2) reflect current issues of participatory and fair technology design within the German Participatory Design community; and (3) discuss tensions relevant to the field, that we expect to arise in the future, and which we derived from our 2021 workshop through a speculative method. We contribute an introduction and an overview of current themes and a speculative outlook on future issues of Participatory Design in Germany. It is meant to inform, provoke, inspire and, ultimately, invite participation within the wider Computer Science community.

  @article{mucha2022collaborative, abstract = {Participatory Design means recognizing that those who will be affected by a future technology should have an active say in its creation. Yet, despite continuous interest in involving people as future users and consumers into designing novel and innovative future technology, participatory approaches in technology design remain relatively underdeveloped in the German HCI community. This article brings together the diversity of voices, domains, perspectives, approaches, and methods that collectively shape Participatory Design in Germany. In the following, we (1) outline our understanding of participatory practice and how it is different from mere user involvement; (2) reflect current issues of participatory and fair technology design within the German Participatory Design community; and (3) discuss tensions relevant to the field, that we expect to arise in the future, and which we derived from our 2021 workshop through a speculative method. We contribute an introduction and an overview of current themes and a speculative outlook on future issues of Participatory Design in Germany. It is meant to inform, provoke, inspire and, ultimately, invite participation within the wider Computer Science community.}, author = {Mucha, Henrik and de Barros, Ana Correia and Benjamin, Jesse Josua and Benzmüller, Christoph and Bischof, Andreas and Buchmüller, Sandra and de Carvalho, Alexandra and Dhungel, Anna-Katharina and Draude, Claude and Fleck, Marc-Julian and Jarke, Juliane and Klein, Stefanie and Kortekaas, Caroline and Kurze, Albrecht and Linke, Diane and Maas, Franzisca and Marsden, Nicola and Melo, Ricardo and Michel, Susanne and Müller-Birn, Claudia and Pröbster, Monika and Rießenberger, Katja Antonia and Schäfer, Mirko Tobias and Sörries, Peter and Stilke, Julia and Volkmann, Torben and Weibert, Anne and Weinhold, Wilhelm and Wolf, Sara and Zorn, Isabel and Heidt, Michael and Berger, Arne}, journal = {i-com}, keywords = {wolf}, number = 2, pages = {283–298}, title = {Collaborative Speculations on Future Themes for Participatory Design in Germany}, volume = 21, year = 2022 }
• Grundgeiger, Tobias, Anna Hohm, Annabell Michalek, Timo Egenolf, C. Markus, and O. Happel. “The Validity of the SEEV Model As a Process Measure of Situation Awareness: The Example of a Simulated Endotracheal Intubation”. Human Factors 64, no. 1 (2022): 1181–1194. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720821991651.
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  @article{grundgeiger2022validity, author = {Grundgeiger, Tobias and Hohm, Anna and Michalek, Annabell and Egenolf, Timo and Markus, C. and Happel, O.}, booktitle = {Human Factors}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, number = 1, pages = {1181–1194}, title = {The validity of the SEEV model as a process measure of situation awareness: the example of a simulated endotracheal intubation}, volume = 64, year = 2022 }
• Markum, Robert B., Sara Wolf, and Simon Luthe. “Co-Imagining Participatory Design in Religious and Spiritual Contexts”. In Adjunct Proceedings of the 2022 Nordic Human-Computer Interaction Conference. NordiCHI ’22 Adjunct. Aarhus, Denmark: Association for Computing Machinery, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1145/3547522.3547706.
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  People with religious and/or spiritual interests have long been digitally connected and have engaged in joint prayer, worship, or meditation. However, the COVID pandemic has accelerated this trend as more religious and/or spiritual activities were technologically mediated. Many of these formats had to be implemented quickly, often with little participation from stakeholders. In this workshop, we aim to bring together scholars and practitioners from different backgrounds, such as religious studies, theology, HCI, and participatory design, to start a conversation about what collaborative technological design and research with religious and/or spiritual communities could look like in the future and what needs to be done to get to such futures. The outcomes of this workshop will be the formation of a transdisciplinary research and design community, the establishment of guiding principles and best practices that can inform research and design methodologies, and the dissemination of this knowledge in collaborative post-workshop publications.

  @inproceedings{markum2022coimagining, abstract = {People with religious and/or spiritual interests have long been digitally connected and have engaged in joint prayer, worship, or meditation. However, the COVID pandemic has accelerated this trend as more religious and/or spiritual activities were technologically mediated. Many of these formats had to be implemented quickly, often with little participation from stakeholders. In this workshop, we aim to bring together scholars and practitioners from different backgrounds, such as religious studies, theology, HCI, and participatory design, to start a conversation about what collaborative technological design and research with religious and/or spiritual communities could look like in the future and what needs to be done to get to such futures. The outcomes of this workshop will be the formation of a transdisciplinary research and design community, the establishment of guiding principles and best practices that can inform research and design methodologies, and the dissemination of this knowledge in collaborative post-workshop publications.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Markum, Robert B. and Wolf, Sara and Luthe, Simon}, booktitle = {Adjunct Proceedings of the 2022 Nordic Human-Computer Interaction Conference}, keywords = {wolf}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, series = {NordiCHI '22 Adjunct}, title = {Co-Imagining Participatory Design in Religious and Spiritual Contexts}, year = 2022 }
• Huber, Stephan, Anastasia Alieva, and Aaron Lutz. “Vibrotactile Navigation for Visually Impaired People”. In Proceedings of the 24th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility. ASSETS ’22. Athens, Greece: Association for Computing Machinery, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1145/3517428.3550387.
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  One of the largest impediments to autonomous grocery shopping for blind people is navigation. In a still ongoing multi-year research process we followed a user centred approach to explore how visually impaired people can be supported in indoor navigational issues, whether vibrotactiles are the right channel for this, where the actuators should sit on the body, whether the hardware solution would be acceptable for people to use on a daily basis in public and how they feel about the system after three weeks of usage.

  @inproceedings{10.1145/3517428.3550387, abstract = {One of the largest impediments to autonomous grocery shopping for blind people is navigation. In a still ongoing multi-year research process we followed a user centred approach to explore how visually impaired people can be supported in indoor navigational issues, whether vibrotactiles are the right channel for this, where the actuators should sit on the body, whether the hardware solution would be acceptable for people to use on a daily basis in public and how they feel about the system after three weeks of usage.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Huber, Stephan and Alieva, Anastasia and Lutz, Aaron}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 24th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility}, keywords = {myown}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, series = {ASSETS '22}, title = {Vibrotactile Navigation for Visually Impaired People}, year = 2022 }
• Salisbury, Isaac S., Paul D. Schlosser, Tsz-Lok Tang, Caitlin Browning, Ismail Mohamed, Tobias Grundgeiger, Robert G. Loeb, and Penelope M. Sanderson. “Attention to Changes on a Head-Worn Display: Two Preclinical Studies With Healthcare Scenarios”. Human Factors 66, no. 1 (2022): 103-25. https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208221075851.
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  ObjectiveIn two experiments, we examined how quickly different visual alerts on a head-worn display (HWD) would capture participants’ attention to a matrix of patient vital sign values, while multitasking.BackgroundAn HWD could help clinicians monitor multiple patients, regardless of where the clinician is located. We sought effective ways for HWDs to alert multitasking wearers to important events.MethodsIn two preclinical experiments, university student participants performed a visuomotor tracking task while simultaneously monitoring simulated patient vital signs on an HWD to detect abnormal values. Methods to attract attention to abnormal values included highlighting abnormal vital signs and imposing a white flash over the entire display.ResultsExperiment 1 found that participants detected abnormal values faster with high contrast than low contrast greyscale highlights, even while performing difficult tracking. In Experiment 2, a white flash of the entire screen quickly and reliably captured attention to vital signs, but less so on an HWD than on a conventional screen.ConclusionVisual alerts on HWDs can direct users’ attention to patient transition events (PTEs) even under high visual-perceptual load, but not as quickly as visual alerts on fixed displays. Aspects of the results have since been tested in a healthcare context.ApplicationPotential applications include informing the design of HWD interfaces for monitoring multiple processes and informing future research on capturing attention to HWDs.

  @article{salisbury2022attention, abstract = {ObjectiveIn two experiments, we examined how quickly different visual alerts on a head-worn display (HWD) would capture participants’ attention to a matrix of patient vital sign values, while multitasking.BackgroundAn HWD could help clinicians monitor multiple patients, regardless of where the clinician is located. We sought effective ways for HWDs to alert multitasking wearers to important events.MethodsIn two preclinical experiments, university student participants performed a visuomotor tracking task while simultaneously monitoring simulated patient vital signs on an HWD to detect abnormal values. Methods to attract attention to abnormal values included highlighting abnormal vital signs and imposing a white flash over the entire display.ResultsExperiment 1 found that participants detected abnormal values faster with high contrast than low contrast greyscale highlights, even while performing difficult tracking. In Experiment 2, a white flash of the entire screen quickly and reliably captured attention to vital signs, but less so on an HWD than on a conventional screen.ConclusionVisual alerts on HWDs can direct users’ attention to patient transition events (PTEs) even under high visual-perceptual load, but not as quickly as visual alerts on fixed displays. Aspects of the results have since been tested in a healthcare context.ApplicationPotential applications include informing the design of HWD interfaces for monitoring multiple processes and informing future research on capturing attention to HWDs.}, author = {Salisbury, Isaac S. and Schlosser, Paul D. and Tang, Tsz-Lok and Browning, Caitlin and Mohamed, Ismail and Grundgeiger, Tobias and Loeb, Robert G. and Sanderson, Penelope M.}, booktitle = {Human Factors}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, number = 1, pages = {103-125}, title = {Attention to Changes on a Head-Worn Display: Two Preclinical Studies with Healthcare Scenarios}, volume = 66, year = 2022 }
• Wolf, Sara, and Simon Luthe. “Unavailability and Holism: Rethinking HCI With Concepts from Theology”. New Orleans, LA, USA: CHI’22 Workshop, 2022. https://publications.wolf-research.com/2022-chi-frs-workshop.pdf.
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  Current trends in technology suggest that making everything available (e.g., services, products, other people) is a valuable end in itself and that the whole person can be understood and addressed if only enough data is collected and processed about them. Our work in projects with HCI researchers and Protestant theologians made us question such assumptions. In this position paper, we share two themes that emerged from our interdisciplinary work on technologically-mediated religious communication, namely unavailability and holism. We argue that unavailability is an essential condition of being human and that being human consists of more than just a static sum of its parts. We present related examples from our work and detail the Protestant theological perspective on unavailability and holism. In doing so, we hope to bring new impetus to HCI and to stimulate reflection.

  @misc{wolf2022unavailability, abstract = {Current trends in technology suggest that making everything available (e.g., services, products, other people) is a valuable end in itself and that the whole person can be understood and addressed if only enough data is collected and processed about them. Our work in projects with HCI researchers and Protestant theologians made us question such assumptions. In this position paper, we share two themes that emerged from our interdisciplinary work on technologically-mediated religious communication, namely unavailability and holism. We argue that unavailability is an essential condition of being human and that being human consists of more than just a static sum of its parts. We present related examples from our work and detail the Protestant theological perspective on unavailability and holism. In doing so, we hope to bring new impetus to HCI and to stimulate reflection.}, address = {New Orleans, LA, USA}, author = {Wolf, Sara and Luthe, Simon}, howpublished = {CHI'22 Workshop: Integrating faith, religion and spirituality in HCI}, keywords = {wolf}, publisher = {CHI'22 Workshop}, title = {Unavailability and Holism: Rethinking HCI with Concepts from Theology}, year = 2022 }
• Hirsch, Patricia, Iring Koch, and Tobias Grundgeiger. “Task Interruptions”. In Handbook of Human Multitasking, edited by Andrea Kiesel, Leif Johannsen, Iring Koch, and Hermann Müller, 145-88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04760-2_4.
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  It is generally accepted that task interruptions have a harmful effect on human performance in cognitively demanding tasks. This is evident in both the increased processing time and vulnerability to errors in interrupted tasks compared to non-interrupted tasks. Besides the definition of task interruptions and a description of the difference between task interruptions and related multitasking situations, the present chapter provides an overview of how the performance decrement in task-interruption situations is measured as well as of the major empirical findings observed in fundamental and applied task-interruption research. Moreover, we review task-related, situational, and personal factors that affect the disruptiveness of task interruptions and present theoretical accounts that explain these task-interruption effects, along with recommendations for task-interruption management.

  @inbook{hirsch2022interruptions, abstract = {It is generally accepted that task interruptions have a harmful effect on human performance in cognitively demanding tasks. This is evident in both the increased processing time and vulnerability to errors in interrupted tasks compared to non-interrupted tasks. Besides the definition of task interruptions and a description of the difference between task interruptions and related multitasking situations, the present chapter provides an overview of how the performance decrement in task-interruption situations is measured as well as of the major empirical findings observed in fundamental and applied task-interruption research. Moreover, we review task-related, situational, and personal factors that affect the disruptiveness of task interruptions and present theoretical accounts that explain these task-interruption effects, along with recommendations for task-interruption management.}, address = {Cham}, author = {Hirsch, Patricia and Koch, Iring and Grundgeiger, Tobias}, booktitle = {Handbook of Human Multitasking}, editor = {Kiesel, Andrea and Johannsen, Leif and Koch, Iring and Müller, Hermann}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, pages = {145-188}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, title = {Task Interruptions}, year = 2022 }
• Eder, Andreas B., Franzisca Maas, Alexander Schubmann, Anand Krishna, and Thorsten M. Erle. “Motivations Underlying Self-Infliction of Pain During Thinking for Pleasure”. Scientific Reports 12, no. 1 (July 4, 2022): 11247. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-14775-w.
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  Previous research suggested that people prefer to administer unpleasant electric shocks to themselves rather than being left alone with their thoughts because engagement in thinking is an unpleasant activity. The present research examined this negative reinforcement hypothesis by giving participants a choice of distracting themselves with the generation of electric shock causing no to intense pain. Four experiments (N{\thinspace}={\thinspace}254) replicated the result that a large proportion of participants opted to administer painful shocks to themselves during the thinking period. However, they administered strong electric shocks to themselves even when an innocuous response option generating no or a mild shock was available. Furthermore, participants inflicted pain to themselves when they were assisted in the generation of pleasant thoughts during the waiting period, with no difference between pleasant versus unpleasant thought conditions. Overall, these results question that the primary motivation for the self-administration of painful shocks is avoidance of thinking. Instead, it seems that the self-infliction of pain was attractive for many participants, because they were curious about the shocks, their intensities, and the effects they would have on them.

  @article{eder2022motivations, abstract = {Previous research suggested that people prefer to administer unpleasant electric shocks to themselves rather than being left alone with their thoughts because engagement in thinking is an unpleasant activity. The present research examined this negative reinforcement hypothesis by giving participants a choice of distracting themselves with the generation of electric shock causing no to intense pain. Four experiments (N{\thinspace}={\thinspace}254) replicated the result that a large proportion of participants opted to administer painful shocks to themselves during the thinking period. However, they administered strong electric shocks to themselves even when an innocuous response option generating no or a mild shock was available. Furthermore, participants inflicted pain to themselves when they were assisted in the generation of pleasant thoughts during the waiting period, with no difference between pleasant versus unpleasant thought conditions. Overall, these results question that the primary motivation for the self-administration of painful shocks is avoidance of thinking. Instead, it seems that the self-infliction of pain was attractive for many participants, because they were curious about the shocks, their intensities, and the effects they would have on them.}, author = {Eder, Andreas B. and Maas, Franzisca and Schubmann, Alexander and Krishna, Anand and Erle, Thorsten M.}, journal = {Scientific Reports}, keywords = {maas}, month = {07}, number = 1, pages = 11247, title = {Motivations underlying self-infliction of pain during thinking for pleasure}, volume = 12, year = 2022 }
• Papenfuß, Nathalie, Carina Spangenberger, and Stephan Huber. “Side Effects of Increasing Participation in a Contextual Design Process: A Knowledge Management Case Study”. In Mensch Und Computer 2022, edited by Max Mühlhäuser, Christian Reuter, Bastian Pfleging, Thomas Kosch, Andrii Matviienko, Kathrin Gerling, Sven Mayer, et al, 333–337. MuC ’22. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1145/3543758.3547535.
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  In a previous case study, we carried out the Contextual Design Process, a user-centred design process, with additional elements of Participatory Design in cooperation with a microenterprise facing the challenge of knowledge management. By involving the users in the ideation phase, we noticed several side effects on the company and its members. Using Reflexive Thematic Analysis, we identified patterns revealing these observed effects of our work. The Contextual Design Process promoted the awareness of the company’s internal status focusing problems and the independent addressing of them. In particular the participatory Wall Walk with the company members served as a key event for changes in the company. Furthermore, we discuss our findings on the challenges and implications of a small and consistent user group throughout the user-centred and participatory process.

  @inproceedings{Papenfu__2022, abstract = {In a previous case study, we carried out the Contextual Design Process, a user-centred design process, with additional elements of Participatory Design in cooperation with a microenterprise facing the challenge of knowledge management. By involving the users in the ideation phase, we noticed several side effects on the company and its members. Using Reflexive Thematic Analysis, we identified patterns revealing these observed effects of our work. The Contextual Design Process promoted the awareness of the company’s internal status focusing problems and the independent addressing of them. In particular the participatory Wall Walk with the company members served as a key event for changes in the company. Furthermore, we discuss our findings on the challenges and implications of a small and consistent user group throughout the user-centred and participatory process.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Papenfuß, Nathalie and Spangenberger, Carina and Huber, Stephan}, booktitle = {Mensch und Computer 2022}, editor = {Mühlhäuser, Max and Reuter, Christian and Pfleging, Bastian and Kosch, Thomas and Matviienko, Andrii and Gerling, Kathrin and Mayer, Sven and Heuten, Wilko and Döring, Tanja and Müller, Florian and Schmitz, Martin}, keywords = {spangenberger}, month = {09}, pages = {333–337}, publisher = {ACM}, series = {MuC ’22}, title = {Side Effects of Increasing Participation in a Contextual Design Process: A Knowledge Management Case Study}, year = 2022 }
• Desai, Shital, Robin Abendschein, and Arlene J. Astell. “Accessibility of Mixed Reality Technologies for People Living With Dementia”. Alzheimer’s & Dementia 18, no. S2 (December 2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.067574.
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  @article{desai2022accessibility, author = {Desai, Shital and Abendschein, Robin and Astell, Arlene J.}, journal = {Alzheimer’s & Dementia}, keywords = {abendschein}, month = 12, number = {S2}, publisher = {Wiley}, title = {Accessibility of Mixed Reality Technologies for people living with dementia}, volume = 18, year = 2022 }

• Wolf, Sara, and Simon Luthe. “Segen: Erfahren, Erleben, Erproben - VR-Erlebnis Im außerschulischen Lehr-Lern-Szenario für Den Religionsunterricht”. In Wettbewerbsband AVRiL 2021, 27-33. Bonn: Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V, 2021. https://doi.org/10.18420/avril2021_04.
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  Der Beitrag stellt ein VR-basiertes außerschulisches Lehr-Lern-Szenario zum Thema Segen vor. Es wurde in einem interdisziplinären Forschungsprojekt zwischen Religionspädagogik und Mensch-Computer-Interaktion entwickelt. Im Fokus stand dabei insbesondere die Frage, wie prozessbezogene Kompetenzen in religiös bedeutsamen Zusammenhängen gefördert werden können. Für religiöse Bildungsprozesse ist das Ineinanderspielen von Emotion, Kognition und Leiblichkeit konstitutiv. Den Einstellungen und Glaubensvorstellungen des Subjekts kommt hierbei besondere Bedeutung zu. Zur Unterstützung dieser Qualitäten des religiösen Lernens, haben wir uns für den Einsatz von VR entschieden, welche tiefgreifende, emotionale Erfahrungen hervorrufen kann und prozessbezogene Kompetenzen damit unterstützt. Das Konzept kombiniert religionsdidaktische Überlegungen und die Ergebnisse eines benutzerzentrierten Prozesses und wurde iterativ fortentwickelt. Bisherige Erkenntnisse wurden berücksichtigt: Die Wichtigkeit von Erlebnissen und Interaktivität, das Ansprechen verschiedener Sinne, das “ohne-Erklärung-Auskommen” von interaktiven Elementen sowie Robustheit und Ästhetik. Eine Evaluation des Konzepts mit Lehrer:innen, Schüler:innen, und Ausstellungsexpert:innen ist geplant.

  @incollection{wolf2021segen, abstract = {Der Beitrag stellt ein VR-basiertes außerschulisches Lehr-Lern-Szenario zum Thema Segen vor. Es wurde in einem interdisziplinären Forschungsprojekt zwischen Religionspädagogik und Mensch-Computer-Interaktion entwickelt. Im Fokus stand dabei insbesondere die Frage, wie prozessbezogene Kompetenzen in religiös bedeutsamen Zusammenhängen gefördert werden können. Für religiöse Bildungsprozesse ist das Ineinanderspielen von Emotion, Kognition und Leiblichkeit konstitutiv. Den Einstellungen und Glaubensvorstellungen des Subjekts kommt hierbei besondere Bedeutung zu. Zur Unterstützung dieser Qualitäten des religiösen Lernens, haben wir uns für den Einsatz von VR entschieden, welche tiefgreifende, emotionale Erfahrungen hervorrufen kann und prozessbezogene Kompetenzen damit unterstützt. Das Konzept kombiniert religionsdidaktische Überlegungen und die Ergebnisse eines benutzerzentrierten Prozesses und wurde iterativ fortentwickelt. Bisherige Erkenntnisse wurden berücksichtigt: Die Wichtigkeit von Erlebnissen und Interaktivität, das Ansprechen verschiedener Sinne, das “ohne-Erklärung-Auskommen” von interaktiven Elementen sowie Robustheit und Ästhetik. Eine Evaluation des Konzepts mit Lehrer:innen, Schüler:innen, und Ausstellungsexpert:innen ist geplant.}, address = {Bonn}, author = {Wolf, Sara and Luthe, Simon}, booktitle = {Wettbewerbsband AVRiL 2021}, keywords = {wolf}, pages = {27–33}, publisher = {Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V.}, title = {Segen: erfahren, erleben, erproben - VR-Erlebnis im außerschulischen Lehr-Lern-Szenario für den Religionsunterricht}, year = 2021 }
• Borlinghaus, Parzival, and Stephan Huber. “Comparing Apples and Oranges: Human and Computer Clustered Affinity Diagrams Under the Microscope”. In Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, 413–422. IUI ’21. College Station, TX, USA: Association for Computing Machinery, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1145/3397481.3450674.
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  Affinity diagramming is a crucial yet time-consuming part of user research in human-centered design. In short, building affinity diagrams involves the hierarchical bottom-up clustering of user statements and observations, which later allow to derive insights and inspire design ideas. To support designers in this process, as a first contribution, we explored seven text-mining models for pre-clustering affinity notes and suggest fastText as most appropriate. Since affinity diagrams are not deterministic, there is no established measure to assess their quality. Our second contribution is, therefore, a thorough examination of the potential of fastText-clusters for design teams regarding technical, psychological and performance-related measures. Compared to reference ‘human built’ affinity diagrams, the fastText-clusters resulted in an overlap index of M = .694 (SD = .034). Surprisingly, a study with four design teams clustering small sets (112 notes) of pre-clustered or randomized affinity notes indicated an increased discussion overhead caused by algorithmic support that led to a decrease in both, efficiency and quality. As a third contribution, we report qualitative data from the instances, where algorithmic support failed designers’ expectations. We conclude that more research on the appropriate time and manner of pre-clustered data presentation is required to harness the full potential of algorithmic support while preserving the spirit of affinity diagramming.

  @inproceedings{10.1145/3397481.3450674, abstract = {Affinity diagramming is a crucial yet time-consuming part of user research in human-centered design. In short, building affinity diagrams involves the hierarchical bottom-up clustering of user statements and observations, which later allow to derive insights and inspire design ideas. To support designers in this process, as a first contribution, we explored seven text-mining models for pre-clustering affinity notes and suggest fastText as most appropriate. Since affinity diagrams are not deterministic, there is no established measure to assess their quality. Our second contribution is, therefore, a thorough examination of the potential of fastText-clusters for design teams regarding technical, psychological and performance-related measures. Compared to reference ‘human built’ affinity diagrams, the fastText-clusters resulted in an overlap index of M = .694 (SD = .034). Surprisingly, a study with four design teams clustering small sets (112 notes) of pre-clustered or randomized affinity notes indicated an increased discussion overhead caused by algorithmic support that led to a decrease in both, efficiency and quality. As a third contribution, we report qualitative data from the instances, where algorithmic support failed designers’ expectations. We conclude that more research on the appropriate time and manner of pre-clustered data presentation is required to harness the full potential of algorithmic support while preserving the spirit of affinity diagramming.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Borlinghaus, Parzival and Huber, Stephan}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces}, keywords = {myown}, pages = {413–422}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, series = {IUI '21}, title = {Comparing Apples and Oranges: Human and Computer Clustered Affinity Diagrams Under the Microscope}, year = 2021 }
• Maas, Franzisca, and Sara Wolf. “Und Dann Kam Corona: Ein Technikentwicklungsprojekt Zwischen Partizipation Und Wirklichkeit”. Bonn, DE: Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V, 2021. https://doi.org/10.18420/muc2021-mci-ws06-334.
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  Kontakt zu anderen Menschen wurde durch die Coronapandemie massiv eingeschränkt bis unmöglich. In unserem Projekt gestalten wir gemeinsam mit Bürger:innen Tools zur Bürgerbeteiligung und standen nun vor der Frage wie wir unsere Arbeit dennoch fortsetzen konnten. In diesem Beitrag beschreiben wir anhand eines Fallbeispiels wie wir unser Projekt angepasst haben, um weiterhin partizipativ mit Bürger:innen designen zu können und auf welche Herausforderungen wir dabei gestoßen sind.

  @misc{maas2021corona, abstract = {Kontakt zu anderen Menschen wurde durch die Coronapandemie massiv eingeschränkt bis unmöglich. In unserem Projekt gestalten wir gemeinsam mit Bürger:innen Tools zur Bürgerbeteiligung und standen nun vor der Frage wie wir unsere Arbeit dennoch fortsetzen konnten. In diesem Beitrag beschreiben wir anhand eines Fallbeispiels wie wir unser Projekt angepasst haben, um weiterhin partizipativ mit Bürger:innen designen zu können und auf welche Herausforderungen wir dabei gestoßen sind.}, address = {Bonn, DE}, author = {Maas, Franzisca and Wolf, Sara}, howpublished = {Mensch und Computer 2021 - Workshopband}, keywords = {wolf}, publisher = {Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V.}, title = {Und dann kam Corona: Ein Technikentwicklungsprojekt zwischen Partizipation und Wirklichkeit}, year = 2021 }
• Kuge, Jeremias, Stephan Huber, Eliana Haugg, and Tobias Grundgeiger. “Ecological Interface Design for a Spacing Assistant in Approach Control”. Presented at the, 2021.
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  @presentation{kuge2021ecological, author = {Kuge, Jeremias and Huber, Stephan and Haugg, Eliana and Grundgeiger, Tobias}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, title = {Ecological Interface Design for a Spacing Assistant in Approach Control}, year = 2021 }
• Grundgeiger, Tobias, Felix Hahn, Thomas Wurmb, Patrick Meybohm, and Oliver Happel. “The Use of a Cognitive Aid App Supports Guideline-Conforming Cardiopulmonary Resuscitations: A Randomized Study in a High-Fidelity Simulation”. Resuscitation Plus 7 (2021): 100152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resplu.2021.100152.
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  Aim Cardiac arrests require fast, well-timed, and well-coordinated interventions delivered by several staff members. We evaluated a cognitive aid that works as an attentional aid to support specifically the timing and coordination of these interventions. We report the results of an experimental, simulation-based evaluation of the tablet-based cognitive aid in performing guideline-conforming cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Methods In a parallel group design, emergency teams (one qualified emergency physician as team leader and one qualified nurse) were randomly assigned to the cognitive aid application (CA App) group or the no application (No App) group and then participated in a simulated scenario of a cardiac arrest. The primary outcome was a cardiopulmonary resuscitation performance score ranging from zero to two for each team based on the videotaped scenarios in relation to twelve performance variables derived from the European Resuscitation Guidelines. As a secondary outcome, we measured the participants’ subjective workload. Results A total of 67 teams participated. The CA App group (n = 32 teams) showed significantly better cardiopulmonary resuscitation performance than the No App group (n = 31 teams; mean difference = 0.23, 95 %CI = 0.08 to 0.38, p = 0.002, d = 0.83). The CA App group team leaders indicated significantly less mental and physical demand and less effort to achieve their performance compared to the No App group team leaders. Conclusions Among well-trained in-hospital emergency teams, the cognitive aid could improve cardiopulmonary resuscitation coordination performance and decrease mental workload.

  @article{grundgeiger2021cognitive, abstract = {Aim Cardiac arrests require fast, well-timed, and well-coordinated interventions delivered by several staff members. We evaluated a cognitive aid that works as an attentional aid to support specifically the timing and coordination of these interventions. We report the results of an experimental, simulation-based evaluation of the tablet-based cognitive aid in performing guideline-conforming cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Methods In a parallel group design, emergency teams (one qualified emergency physician as team leader and one qualified nurse) were randomly assigned to the cognitive aid application (CA App) group or the no application (No App) group and then participated in a simulated scenario of a cardiac arrest. The primary outcome was a cardiopulmonary resuscitation performance score ranging from zero to two for each team based on the videotaped scenarios in relation to twelve performance variables derived from the European Resuscitation Guidelines. As a secondary outcome, we measured the participants’ subjective workload. Results A total of 67 teams participated. The CA App group (n = 32 teams) showed significantly better cardiopulmonary resuscitation performance than the No App group (n = 31 teams; mean difference = 0.23, 95 %CI = 0.08 to 0.38, p = 0.002, d = 0.83). The CA App group team leaders indicated significantly less mental and physical demand and less effort to achieve their performance compared to the No App group team leaders. Conclusions Among well-trained in-hospital emergency teams, the cognitive aid could improve cardiopulmonary resuscitation coordination performance and decrease mental workload.}, author = {Grundgeiger, Tobias and Hahn, Felix and Wurmb, Thomas and Meybohm, Patrick and Happel, Oliver}, booktitle = {Resuscitation Plus}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, pages = 100152, title = {The use of a cognitive aid app supports guideline-conforming cardiopulmonary resuscitations: A randomized study in a high-fidelity simulation}, volume = 7, year = 2021 }
• Mucha, Henrik, Franzisca Maas, Claude Draude, Julia Stilke, Juliane Jarke, Andreas Bischof, Nicola Marsden, et al. “Partizipative & Sozialverantwortliche Technikentwicklung”. Bonn, DE: Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V, 2021. https://doi.org/10.18420/muc2021-mci-ws06-114.
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  Im Workshop treffen sich Forscher*innen und Praktiker*innen zu Austausch und Diskussion über die Beteiligung von Nutzer*innen an Technikentwicklungsprozessen. Sie gehen dabei der Frage nach, wie Partizipation dem Anspruch auf Demokratisierung und Empowerment in Forschung und Praxis gerecht werden kann. Der Workshop dient auch als ja hrliches Treffen der Fachgruppe „Partizipation“ im Fachbereich Mensch-Computer-Interaktion (MCI) der Gesellschaft fu r Informatik (GI).

  @misc{mucha2021partizipative, abstract = {Im Workshop treffen sich Forscher*innen und Praktiker*innen zu Austausch und Diskussion über die Beteiligung von Nutzer*innen an Technikentwicklungsprozessen. Sie gehen dabei der Frage nach, wie Partizipation dem Anspruch auf Demokratisierung und Empowerment in Forschung und Praxis gerecht werden kann. Der Workshop dient auch als ja hrliches Treffen der Fachgruppe „Partizipation“ im Fachbereich Mensch-Computer-Interaktion (MCI) der Gesellschaft fu r Informatik (GI).}, address = {Bonn, DE}, author = {Mucha, Henrik and Maas, Franzisca and Draude, Claude and Stilke, Julia and Jarke, Juliane and Bischof, Andreas and Marsden, Nicola and Berger, Arne and Wolf, Sara and Buchmüller, Sandra and Maaß, Susanne}, howpublished = {Mensch und Computer 2021 - Workshopband}, keywords = {wolf}, publisher = {Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V.}, title = {Partizipative & Sozialverantwortliche Technikentwicklung}, year = 2021 }
• Kuge, Jeremias, Tobias Grundgeiger, Paul D. Schlosser, Penelope M. Sanderson, and Oliver Happel. “Design and Evaluation of a Head-Worn Display Application for Multi-Patient Monitoring”. In ACM Conference on Designing Interactive Systems (DIS). Nowhere and Everywhere, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1145/3461778.3462011.
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  @inproceedings{kuge2021design, address = {Nowhere and Everywhere}, author = {Kuge, Jeremias and Grundgeiger, Tobias and Schlosser, Paul D. and Sanderson, Penelope M. and Happel, Oliver}, booktitle = {ACM Conference on Designing Interactive Systems (DIS)}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, title = {Design and Evaluation of a Head-Worn Display Application for Multi-Patient Monitoring}, year = 2021 }
• Abendschein, Robin, Selina Pauli, Lukas Schmid, and Stephan Huber. “Impressions at First Touch: Insights on How Visually Impaired Persons Form Their First Impressions of Technology”. In Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction, 1–8. TEI ’21. ACM, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1145/3430524.3442459.
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  @inproceedings{abendschein2021impressions, author = {Abendschein, Robin and Pauli, Selina and Schmid, Lukas and Huber, Stephan}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction}, keywords = {abendschein}, month = {02}, pages = {1–8}, publisher = {ACM}, series = {TEI ’21}, title = {Impressions at First Touch: Insights on how visually impaired persons form their first impressions of technology}, year = 2021 }

• Grundgeiger, Tobias, Thomas Wurmb, and Oliver Happel. “Statistical Modeling of Visual Attention of Junior and Senior Anesthesiologists During the Induction of General Anesthesia in Real and Simulated Cases”. IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems 50, no. 4 (2020): 317-26. https://doi.org/10.1109/THMS.2020.2983817.
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  @article{grundgeiger2020statistical, author = {Grundgeiger, Tobias and Wurmb, Thomas and Happel, Oliver}, booktitle = {IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, number = 4, pages = {317-326}, title = {Statistical Modeling of Visual Attention of Junior and Senior Anesthesiologists During the Induction of General Anesthesia in Real and Simulated Cases}, volume = 50, year = 2020 }
• Kl"u}ber, Sara, Franzisca Maas, David Schraudt, Gina Hermann, Oliver Happel, and Tobias Grundgeiger. “Experience Matters: Design and Evaluation of an Anesthesia Support Tool Guided by User Experience Theory”. In Proceedings of the 2020 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference, 1523–1535. DIS ’20. Eindhoven, Netherlands: Association for Computing Machinery, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1145/3357236.3395552.
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  Despite many advances, clinical decision support tools (DSTs) often suffer from implementation and acceptance problems in the actual clinical context. We suggest that considering psychological needs-based and embodied user experience theories in the design of DSTs could help to overcome these problems. To examine this idea, we iteratively developed a DST called Cassandra supporting anesthetic teams in crisis management, specifically focusing on psychological needs and fluent interaction with the social and physical environment. We preliminarily evaluated Cassandra in a medical simulation, requiring anesthetic teams to handle a crisis. Although not all features of Cassandra had the intended effect, the results indicated that interacting with Cassandra supported the fulfillment of the identified needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness and was seamlessly integrated into existing diagnostic processes. Considering user experience theories for the design of DSTs seems a promising way to overcome implementation and acceptance problems and eventually improve patient safety.

  @inproceedings{kluber2020experience, abstract = {Despite many advances, clinical decision support tools (DSTs) often suffer from implementation and acceptance problems in the actual clinical context. We suggest that considering psychological needs-based and embodied user experience theories in the design of DSTs could help to overcome these problems. To examine this idea, we iteratively developed a DST called Cassandra supporting anesthetic teams in crisis management, specifically focusing on psychological needs and fluent interaction with the social and physical environment. We preliminarily evaluated Cassandra in a medical simulation, requiring anesthetic teams to handle a crisis. Although not all features of Cassandra had the intended effect, the results indicated that interacting with Cassandra supported the fulfillment of the identified needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness and was seamlessly integrated into existing diagnostic processes. Considering user experience theories for the design of DSTs seems a promising way to overcome implementation and acceptance problems and eventually improve patient safety.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Kl\"{u}ber, Sara and Maas, Franzisca and Schraudt, David and Hermann, Gina and Happel, Oliver and Grundgeiger, Tobias}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2020 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, pages = {1523–1535}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, series = {DIS '20}, title = {Experience Matters: Design and Evaluation of an Anesthesia Support Tool Guided by User Experience Theory}, year = 2020 }
• Berger, Arne, Sandra Buchmüller, Claude Draude, Sara Klüber, Henrik Mucha, and Julia Stilke. “Partizipative & Sozialverantwortliche Technikentwicklung”. Bonn, DE: Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V, 2020. https://doi.org/10.18420/muc2020-ws109.
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  @misc{berger2020partizipative, address = {Bonn, DE}, author = {Berger, Arne and Buchmüller, Sandra and Draude, Claude and Klüber, Sara and Mucha, Henrik and Stilke, Julia}, howpublished = {Mensch und Computer 2020 - Workshopband}, keywords = {wolf}, publisher = {Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V.}, title = {Partizipative & Sozialverantwortliche Technikentwicklung}, year = 2020 }
• Zimmerer, Chris, Erik Wolf, Sara Wolf, Martin Fischbach, Jean-Luc Lugrin, and Marc Erich Latoschik. “Finally on Par?! Multimodal and Unimodal Interaction for Open Creative Design Tasks in Virtual Reality”. In 2020 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, 222–231. Virtual Event, Netherlands, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1145/3382507.3418850.
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  Multimodal Interfaces (MMIs) have been considered to provide promising interaction paradigms for Virtual Reality (VR) for some time. However, they are still far less common than unimodal interfaces (UMIs). This paper presents a summative user study comparing an MMI to a typical UMI for a design task in VR. We developed an application targeting creative 3D object manipulations, i.e., creating 3D objects and modifying typical object properties such as color or size. The associated open user task is based on the Torrence Tests of Creative Thinking. We compared a synergistic multimodal interface using speech-accompanied pointing/grabbing gestures with a more typical unimodal interface using a hierarchical radial menu to trigger actions on selected objects. Independent judges rated the creativity of the resulting products using the Consensual Assessment Technique. Additionally, we measured the creativity-promoting factors flow, usability, and presence. Our results show that the MMI performs on par with the UMI in all measurements despite its limited flexibility and reliability. These promising results demonstrate the technological maturity of MMIs and their potential to extend traditional interaction techniques in VR efficiently.

  @inproceedings{zimmerer2020finally, abstract = {Multimodal Interfaces (MMIs) have been considered to provide promising interaction paradigms for Virtual Reality (VR) for some time. However, they are still far less common than unimodal interfaces (UMIs). This paper presents a summative user study comparing an MMI to a typical UMI for a design task in VR. We developed an application targeting creative 3D object manipulations, i.e., creating 3D objects and modifying typical object properties such as color or size. The associated open user task is based on the Torrence Tests of Creative Thinking. We compared a synergistic multimodal interface using speech-accompanied pointing/grabbing gestures with a more typical unimodal interface using a hierarchical radial menu to trigger actions on selected objects. Independent judges rated the creativity of the resulting products using the Consensual Assessment Technique. Additionally, we measured the creativity-promoting factors flow, usability, and presence. Our results show that the MMI performs on par with the UMI in all measurements despite its limited flexibility and reliability. These promising results demonstrate the technological maturity of MMIs and their potential to extend traditional interaction techniques in VR efficiently.}, author = {Zimmerer, Chris and Wolf, Erik and Wolf, Sara and Fischbach, Martin and Lugrin, Jean-Luc and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, booktitle = {2020 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction}, keywords = {wolf}, note = {Best Paper Nominee 🏆}, pages = {222–231}, title = {Finally on Par?! Multimodal and Unimodal Interaction for Open Creative Design Tasks in Virtual Reality}, year = 2020 }
• Huber, Stephan, Johanna Gramlich, and Tobias Grundgeiger. “From Paper Flight Strips to Digital Strip Systems: Changes and Similarities in Air Traffic Control Work Practices”. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact 4, no. CSCW1 (May 2020). https://doi.org/10.1145/3392833.
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  To increase capacity and safety in air traffic control, digital strip systems have superseded paper strips in lower airspace control centers in Europe. Previous ethnographic studies on paper strip systems anticipated a radical change in work practices with digital strip systems, but we are not aware of any studies that evaluated these predictions. We carried out contextual inquiries with controllers and focused on face-to-face and radio communication, interactions with the digital strip system and the workspace in general. In turn, we contribute (1) detailed descriptions of controllers' work practices, such as using tacit information from radio communication and 'standard advocates vs. tinkerers' operation modes, (2) respective implications for design and (3) discuss how the observed work practices are similar or different from the reported practices in the literature of the two preceding decades. Our key insights are, that documentation speed is faster with digital strips, although a high load in the case of radio frequency persists. Controllers retrieve tacit information from the radio communication and combine it with scattered cues from several displays to form empathic decisions that sometimes exceed the standard protocol. We conclude that the role of tacit information holds opportunities for future flight systems and should be considered in a holistic approach to individualized workspaces for controllers.

  @article{10.1145/3392833, abstract = {To increase capacity and safety in air traffic control, digital strip systems have superseded paper strips in lower airspace control centers in Europe. Previous ethnographic studies on paper strip systems anticipated a radical change in work practices with digital strip systems, but we are not aware of any studies that evaluated these predictions. We carried out contextual inquiries with controllers and focused on face-to-face and radio communication, interactions with the digital strip system and the workspace in general. In turn, we contribute (1) detailed descriptions of controllers' work practices, such as using tacit information from radio communication and 'standard advocates vs. tinkerers' operation modes, (2) respective implications for design and (3) discuss how the observed work practices are similar or different from the reported practices in the literature of the two preceding decades. Our key insights are, that documentation speed is faster with digital strips, although a high load in the case of radio frequency persists. Controllers retrieve tacit information from the radio communication and combine it with scattered cues from several displays to form empathic decisions that sometimes exceed the standard protocol. We conclude that the role of tacit information holds opportunities for future flight systems and should be considered in a holistic approach to individualized workspaces for controllers.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Huber, Stephan and Gramlich, Johanna and Grundgeiger, Tobias}, journal = {Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact.}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, month = {05}, number = {CSCW1}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, title = {From Paper Flight Strips to Digital Strip Systems: Changes and Similarities in Air Traffic Control Work Practices}, volume = 4, year = 2020 }
• Maas, Franzisca, and Sara Klüber. “‘Lasst Uns Gesichtserkennung Auf Dem Marktplatz einsetzen’: Warum Dystopien PD Projekte Voranbringen”. Bonn, DE: Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V, 2020. https://doi.org/10.18420/muc2020-ws109-329.
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  Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Frage welche Konsequenzen Participatory Design bei der Gestaltung von intelligenten, komplexen Systemen hat und zeigt beispielhaft wie PD durch das Zulassen von dystopischen Visionen während der Ideenfindung zu sozialverträglicher Technikentwicklung beitragen kann. Wir berichten dafür ein Fallbeispiel aus dem ForDemocracy Projekt, bei welchem wir gemeinsam mit Bürger:innen Designideen zur digitalen Bürgerbeteiligung entwickelten. In einer Ideationphase entwickelten Bürger:innen zunächst auch dystopische Ideen, die beispielsweise Gesichtserkennung im öffentlichen Raum vorsahen. Doch, anders als vielleicht erwartet, wurden diese Ideen nicht zum Problem, sondern zur Chance, denn sie provozierten Gegenreaktionen und Diskussionen. Dabei wurde deutlich, dass die Teilnehmer:innen über Meinungen, Werte und Vorwissen verfügten, die sie befähigten die entstandenen Ideen kritisch zu hinterfragen, zu diskutieren und schließlich in der Gruppe zu verbessern. Wir sind der Ansicht, dass PD prädestiniert ist, um auch komplexere technische Systeme zu entwickeln und möchten andere ermutigen dystopische Ideen zuzulassen und die daraus resultierenden Diskussionen zu nutzen.

  @misc{maas2020lasst, abstract = {Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Frage welche Konsequenzen Participatory Design bei der Gestaltung von intelligenten, komplexen Systemen hat und zeigt beispielhaft wie PD durch das Zulassen von dystopischen Visionen während der Ideenfindung zu sozialverträglicher Technikentwicklung beitragen kann. Wir berichten dafür ein Fallbeispiel aus dem ForDemocracy Projekt, bei welchem wir gemeinsam mit Bürger:innen Designideen zur digitalen Bürgerbeteiligung entwickelten. In einer Ideationphase entwickelten Bürger:innen zunächst auch dystopische Ideen, die beispielsweise Gesichtserkennung im öffentlichen Raum vorsahen. Doch, anders als vielleicht erwartet, wurden diese Ideen nicht zum Problem, sondern zur Chance, denn sie provozierten Gegenreaktionen und Diskussionen. Dabei wurde deutlich, dass die Teilnehmer:innen über Meinungen, Werte und Vorwissen verfügten, die sie befähigten die entstandenen Ideen kritisch zu hinterfragen, zu diskutieren und schließlich in der Gruppe zu verbessern. Wir sind der Ansicht, dass PD prädestiniert ist, um auch komplexere technische Systeme zu entwickeln und möchten andere ermutigen dystopische Ideen zuzulassen und die daraus resultierenden Diskussionen zu nutzen.}, address = {Bonn, DE}, author = {Maas, Franzisca and Klüber, Sara}, howpublished = {Mensch und Computer 2020 - Workshopband}, keywords = {wolf}, publisher = {Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V.}, title = {“Lasst uns Gesichtserkennung auf dem Marktplatz einsetzen”: Warum Dystopien PD Projekte voranbringen}, year = 2020 }
• Kruse, Mari, Vera Volk, Nathalie Merdan, Penelope M. Sanderson, and Tobias Grundgeiger. “Comparison Between Head-Mounted Displays Regarding The Resumption of A Disrupted Work Task”. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 64, no. 1 (2020): 364-65. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071181320641082.
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  @article{kruse2020comparison, author = {Kruse, Mari and Volk, Vera and Merdan, Nathalie and Sanderson, Penelope M. and Grundgeiger, Tobias}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, number = 1, pages = {364-365}, title = {Comparison Between Head-Mounted Displays Regarding The Resumption of A Disrupted Work Task}, volume = 64, year = 2020 }
• Maas, Franzisca, and Sara Klüber. “Don’t Be Afraid of Dystopias: Talking about Values in PD Processes”. In Proceedings of the 16th Participatory Design Conference 2020 - Participation(s) Otherwise - Volume 2, 181–184. Manizales Colombia: ACM, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1145/3384772.3385163.
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  @inproceedings{klber2020afraid, address = {Manizales Colombia}, author = {Maas, Franzisca and Klüber, Sara}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 16th Participatory Design Conference 2020 - Participation(s) Otherwise - Volume 2}, keywords = {wolf}, month = {06}, pages = {181–184}, publisher = {ACM}, title = {Don’t be Afraid of Dystopias: Talking about Values in PD Processes}, year = 2020 }
• Grundgeiger, Tobias, Katharina Beckh, and Oliver Happel. “The Effect of Effort on the Allocation of Visual Attention During the Induction of General Anesthesia: A SEEV Model Analysis”. In Proceedings of the 64th Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. Seattle, WA, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071181320641081.
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  Simulation-based medical training is an increasingly used method to improve the technical and non-technical performance of clinical staff. An essential part of training is the debriefing of the participants, often using audio, video, or even eye tracking recordings. We conducted a practice-oriented feasibility study to test an eye tracking data preparation procedure, which automatically provided information about the gaze distribution on areas of interest such as the vital sign monitor or the patient simulator. We acquired eye tracking data during three simulation scenarios and provided gaze distribution data for debriefing within 30 minutes. Additionally, we qualitatively evaluated the usefulness of the generated eye tracking data for debriefings. Participating students and debriefers were mostly positive about the data provided; however, future research should improve the technical side of the procedure and investigate best practices regarding how to present and use the data in debriefings.

  @inproceedings{grundgeiger2020effect, abstract = {Simulation-based medical training is an increasingly used method to improve the technical and non-technical performance of clinical staff. An essential part of training is the debriefing of the participants, often using audio, video, or even eye tracking recordings. We conducted a practice-oriented feasibility study to test an eye tracking data preparation procedure, which automatically provided information about the gaze distribution on areas of interest such as the vital sign monitor or the patient simulator. We acquired eye tracking data during three simulation scenarios and provided gaze distribution data for debriefing within 30 minutes. Additionally, we qualitatively evaluated the usefulness of the generated eye tracking data for debriefings. Participating students and debriefers were mostly positive about the data provided; however, future research should improve the technical side of the procedure and investigate best practices regarding how to present and use the data in debriefings.}, address = {Seattle, WA}, author = {Grundgeiger, Tobias and Beckh, Katharina and Happel, Oliver}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 64th Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, title = {The effect of effort on the allocation of visual attention during the induction of general anesthesia: a SEEV model analysis}, year = 2020 }

• Wolf, Erik, Sara Klüber, Chris Zimmerer, Jean-Luc Lugrin, and Marc Erich Latoschik. “‘Paint That Object Yellow’: Multimodal Interaction to Enhance Creativity During Design Tasks in VR”. In 2019 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction, 195-204. https://doi.org/10.1145/3340555.3353724.
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  Virtual reality (VR) has always been considered a promising medium to support designers with alternative work environments. Still, graphical user interfaces are prone to induce attention shifts between the user interface and the manipulated target objects which hampers the creative process. This work proposes a speech-and-gesture-based interaction paradigm for creative tasks in VR. We developed a multimodal toolbox (MTB) for VR-based design applications and compared it to a typical unimodal menu-based toolbox (UTB). The comparison uses a design-oriented use-case and mea-sures flow, usability, and presence as relevant characteristicsfor a VR-based design process. The multimodal approach (1) led to a lower perceived task duration and a higher reported feeling of flow. It (2) provided a higher intuitive use and a lower mental workload while not being slower than an UTB. Finally, it (3) generated a higher feeling of presence. Overall, our results confirm significant advantages of the proposed multimodal interaction paradigm and the developed MTB for important characteristics of design processes in VR.

  @inproceedings{wolf2019paint, abstract = {Virtual reality (VR) has always been considered a promising medium to support designers with alternative work environments. Still, graphical user interfaces are prone to induce attention shifts between the user interface and the manipulated target objects which hampers the creative process. This work proposes a speech-and-gesture-based interaction paradigm for creative tasks in VR. We developed a multimodal toolbox (MTB) for VR-based design applications and compared it to a typical unimodal menu-based toolbox (UTB). The comparison uses a design-oriented use-case and mea-sures flow, usability, and presence as relevant characteristicsfor a VR-based design process. The multimodal approach (1) led to a lower perceived task duration and a higher reported feeling of flow. It (2) provided a higher intuitive use and a lower mental workload while not being slower than an UTB. Finally, it (3) generated a higher feeling of presence. Overall, our results confirm significant advantages of the proposed multimodal interaction paradigm and the developed MTB for important characteristics of design processes in VR.}, author = {Wolf, Erik and Klüber, Sara and Zimmerer, Chris and Lugrin, Jean-Luc and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, booktitle = {2019 International Conference on Multimodal Interaction}, keywords = {wolf}, note = {Best Paper Runner-Up 🏆}, pages = {195-204}, title = {"Paint That Object Yellow": Multimodal Interaction to Enhance Creativity During Design Tasks in VR}, year = 2019 }
• Schlosser, Paul D., Tobias Grundgeiger, Penelope M. Sanderson, and Oliver Happel. “An Exploratory Clinical Evaluation of a Head-Worn Display Based Multiple-Patient Monitoring Application: Impact on Supervising anesthesiologists’ Situation Awareness”. Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 33, no. 6 (2019): 1119-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10877-019-00265-4.
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  Supervising anesthesiologists overseeing several operating rooms must be aware of the status of multiple patients, so they can consult with the anesthetist in single operating rooms or respond quickly to critical events. However, maintaining good situation awareness can be challenging when away from patient bedsides or a central monitoring station. In this proof-of-concept study, we evaluated the potential of a head-worn display that showed multiple patients’ vital signs and alarms to improve supervising anesthesiologists’ situation awareness.

  @article{schlosser2019exploratory, abstract = {Supervising anesthesiologists overseeing several operating rooms must be aware of the status of multiple patients, so they can consult with the anesthetist in single operating rooms or respond quickly to critical events. However, maintaining good situation awareness can be challenging when away from patient bedsides or a central monitoring station. In this proof-of-concept study, we evaluated the potential of a head-worn display that showed multiple patients’ vital signs and alarms to improve supervising anesthesiologists’ situation awareness.}, author = {Schlosser, Paul D. and Grundgeiger, Tobias and Sanderson, Penelope M. and Happel, Oliver}, booktitle = {Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, number = 6, pages = {1119-1127}, title = {An exploratory clinical evaluation of a head-worn display based multiple-patient monitoring application: Impact on supervising anesthesiologists’ situation awareness}, volume = 33, year = 2019 }
• Wolf, Erik, Rebecca Heinrich, Annabell Michalek, David Schraudt, Anna Hohm, Ronja Hein, Tobias Grundgeiger, and Oliver Happel. “Rapid Preparation of Eye Tracking Data for Debriefing in Medical Training: A Feasibility Study”. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 63, no. 1 (2019): 733-37. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071181319631032.
  • [ Abstract ]
  • [ BibTeX ]
  • [ DOI ]
  Simulation-based medical training is an increasingly used method to improve the technical and non-technical performance of clinical staff. An essential part of training is the debriefing of the participants, often using audio, video, or even eye tracking recordings. We conducted a practice-oriented feasibility study to test an eye tracking data preparation procedure, which automatically provided information about the gaze distribution on areas of interest such as the vital sign monitor or the patient simulator. We acquired eye tracking data during three simulation scenarios and provided gaze distribution data for debriefing within 30 minutes. Additionally, we qualitatively evaluated the usefulness of the generated eye tracking data for debriefings. Participating students and debriefers were mostly positive about the data provided; however, future research should improve the technical side of the procedure and investigate best practices regarding how to present and use the data in debriefings.

  @article{wolf2019rapid, abstract = {Simulation-based medical training is an increasingly used method to improve the technical and non-technical performance of clinical staff. An essential part of training is the debriefing of the participants, often using audio, video, or even eye tracking recordings. We conducted a practice-oriented feasibility study to test an eye tracking data preparation procedure, which automatically provided information about the gaze distribution on areas of interest such as the vital sign monitor or the patient simulator. We acquired eye tracking data during three simulation scenarios and provided gaze distribution data for debriefing within 30 minutes. Additionally, we qualitatively evaluated the usefulness of the generated eye tracking data for debriefings. Participating students and debriefers were mostly positive about the data provided; however, future research should improve the technical side of the procedure and investigate best practices regarding how to present and use the data in debriefings.}, author = {Wolf, Erik and Heinrich, Rebecca and Michalek, Annabell and Schraudt, David and Hohm, Anna and Hein, Ronja and Grundgeiger, Tobias and Happel, Oliver}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, number = 1, pages = {733-737}, title = {Rapid preparation of eye tracking data for debriefing in medical training: a feasibility study}, volume = 63, year = 2019 }
• Huber, Stephan. “In(ter)active Dementia”. In Presentation at the CHI4Evil Workshop, CHI 2019. https://www.dropbox.com/s/qroorzux9i5i9hp/in%28ter%29active%20dementia.pdf.
  • [ BibTeX ]
  • [ URL ]
  @inproceedings{RN1986, author = {Huber, Stephan}, booktitle = {Presentation at the CHI4Evil Workshop, CHI 2019}, keywords = {myown}, title = {In(ter)active Dementia}, type = {Conference Proceedings}, year = 2019 }
• Grundgeiger, Tobias, Stephan Huber, Daniel Reinhardt, Andreas Steinisch, Oliver Happel, and Thomas Wurmb. “Cognitive Aids in Acute Care: Investigating How Cognitive Aids Affect and Support In-Hospital Emergency Teams”. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–14. CHI ’19. Glasgow, Scotland Uk: Association for Computing Machinery, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300884.
  • [ Abstract ]
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  Cognitive aids - artefacts that support a user in the completion of a task at the time - have raised great interest to support healthcare staff during medical emergencies. However, the mechanisms of how cognitive aids support or affect staff remain understudied. We describe the iterative development of a tablet-based cognitive aid application to support in-hospital resuscitation team leaders. We report a summative evaluation of two different versions of the application. Finally, we outline the limitations of current explanations of how cognitive aids work and suggest an approach based on embodied cognition. We discuss how cognitive aids alter the task of the team leader (distributed cognition), the importance of the present team situation (socially situated), and the result of the interaction between mind and environment (sensorimotor coupling). Understanding and considering the implications of introducing cognitive aids may help to increase acceptance and effectiveness of cognitive aids and eventually improve patient safety.

  @inproceedings{10.1145/3290605.3300884, abstract = {Cognitive aids - artefacts that support a user in the completion of a task at the time - have raised great interest to support healthcare staff during medical emergencies. However, the mechanisms of how cognitive aids support or affect staff remain understudied. We describe the iterative development of a tablet-based cognitive aid application to support in-hospital resuscitation team leaders. We report a summative evaluation of two different versions of the application. Finally, we outline the limitations of current explanations of how cognitive aids work and suggest an approach based on embodied cognition. We discuss how cognitive aids alter the task of the team leader (distributed cognition), the importance of the present team situation (socially situated), and the result of the interaction between mind and environment (sensorimotor coupling). Understanding and considering the implications of introducing cognitive aids may help to increase acceptance and effectiveness of cognitive aids and eventually improve patient safety.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Grundgeiger, Tobias and Huber, Stephan and Reinhardt, Daniel and Steinisch, Andreas and Happel, Oliver and Wurmb, Thomas}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, pages = {1–14}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, series = {CHI '19}, title = {Cognitive Aids in Acute Care: Investigating How Cognitive Aids Affect and Support In-hospital Emergency Teams}, year = 2019 }
• Sanderson, Penelope M., Birgit Brecknell, SokYee Leong, Sara Klueber, Erik Wolf, Anna Hickling, Tsz-Lok Tang, Emilea Bell, Simon Y. W. Li, and Robert G. Loeb. “Monitoring Vital Signs With Time-Compressed Speech”. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 25, no. 4 (2019): 647–673. https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000217.
  • [ Abstract ]
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  Spearcons—time-compressed speech phrases—may be an effective way of communicating vital signs to clinicians without disturbing patients and their families. Four experiments tested the effectiveness of spearcons for conveying oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate (HR) of one or more patients. Experiment 1 demonstrated that spearcons were more effective than earcons (abstract auditory motifs) at conveying clinical ranges. Experiment 2 demonstrated that casual listeners could not learn to decipher the spearcons whereas listeners told the exact vocabulary could. Experiment 3 demonstrated that participants could interpret sequences of sounds representing multiple patients better with spearcons than with pitch-based earcons, especially when tones replaced the spearcons for normal patients. Experiment 4 compared multiple-patient monitoring of two vital signs with either spearcons, a visual display showing SpO2 and HR in the same temporal sequence as the spearcons, or a visual display showing multiple patient levels simultaneously. All displays conveyed which patients were abnormal with high accuracy. Visual displays better conveyed the vital sign levels for each patient, but cannot be used eyes-free. All displays showed accuracy decrements with working memory load. Spearcons may be viable for single and multiple patient monitoring. Further research should test spearcons with more vital signs, during multitasking, and longitudinally.

  @article{sanderson2019monitoring, abstract = {Spearcons—time-compressed speech phrases—may be an effective way of communicating vital signs to clinicians without disturbing patients and their families. Four experiments tested the effectiveness of spearcons for conveying oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate (HR) of one or more patients. Experiment 1 demonstrated that spearcons were more effective than earcons (abstract auditory motifs) at conveying clinical ranges. Experiment 2 demonstrated that casual listeners could not learn to decipher the spearcons whereas listeners told the exact vocabulary could. Experiment 3 demonstrated that participants could interpret sequences of sounds representing multiple patients better with spearcons than with pitch-based earcons, especially when tones replaced the spearcons for normal patients. Experiment 4 compared multiple-patient monitoring of two vital signs with either spearcons, a visual display showing SpO2 and HR in the same temporal sequence as the spearcons, or a visual display showing multiple patient levels simultaneously. All displays conveyed which patients were abnormal with high accuracy. Visual displays better conveyed the vital sign levels for each patient, but cannot be used eyes-free. All displays showed accuracy decrements with working memory load. Spearcons may be viable for single and multiple patient monitoring. Further research should test spearcons with more vital signs, during multitasking, and longitudinally.}, author = {Sanderson, Penelope M. and Brecknell, Birgit and Leong, SokYee and Klueber, Sara and Wolf, Erik and Hickling, Anna and Tang, Tsz-Lok and Bell, Emilea and Li, Simon Y. W. and Loeb, Robert G.}, journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied}, keywords = {wolf}, number = 4, pages = {647–673}, title = {Monitoring Vital Signs with Time-Compressed Speech}, volume = 25, year = 2019 }
• Birnstiel, Sandra, Benedikt Steinm"u}ller, Kerstin Bissinger, Simone Doll-Gerstend"o}rfer, and Stephan Huber. “Gartenfreund: Exploring the Botanical Garden With an Inclusive App”. In Proceedings of Mensch Und Computer 2019, 499–502. MuC ’19. Hamburg, Germany: Association for Computing Machinery, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1145/3340764.3344446.
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  Many museums exclude visually impaired people by offering only visual presentations of exhibition pieces. To improve the experience of the botanical garden in W"u}rzburg for visually impaired people, we conducted a human centered design process with blind self-experiences and contextual interviews with two experts. From the qualitative insights we prototypically designed the inclusive smartphone app Gartenfreund. Gartenfreund consists of an NFC triggered audio guide with precise path descriptions to the next station and an interactive soundscape that produces animal sounds from the canopy level at which the phone is pointed. A preliminary evaluation shows that sighted and visually impaired participants could use the app without any usability problems and that the path descriptions need to be shorter and supported by a tactile orientation system for blind users. Our main contributions are the insights from user research and the inclusive app Gartenfreund. In future work we will iterate the design and conduct a more extensive evaluation involving both blind and sighted users.

  @inproceedings{10.1145/3340764.3344446, abstract = {Many museums exclude visually impaired people by offering only visual presentations of exhibition pieces. To improve the experience of the botanical garden in W\"{u}rzburg for visually impaired people, we conducted a human centered design process with blind self-experiences and contextual interviews with two experts. From the qualitative insights we prototypically designed the inclusive smartphone app Gartenfreund. Gartenfreund consists of an NFC triggered audio guide with precise path descriptions to the next station and an interactive soundscape that produces animal sounds from the canopy level at which the phone is pointed. A preliminary evaluation shows that sighted and visually impaired participants could use the app without any usability problems and that the path descriptions need to be shorter and supported by a tactile orientation system for blind users. Our main contributions are the insights from user research and the inclusive app Gartenfreund. In future work we will iterate the design and conduct a more extensive evaluation involving both blind and sighted users.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Birnstiel, Sandra and Steinm\"{u}ller, Benedikt and Bissinger, Kerstin and Doll-Gerstend\"{o}rfer, Simone and Huber, Stephan}, booktitle = {Proceedings of Mensch Und Computer 2019}, keywords = {myown}, pages = {499–502}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, series = {MuC '19}, title = {Gartenfreund: Exploring the Botanical Garden with an Inclusive App}, year = 2019 }
• Schaper, Philipp, and Tobias Grundgeiger. “Commission Errors With Forced Response Lag”. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 10 (2019): 2380-92. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747021819840583.
  • [ Abstract ]
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  It is often necessary to retrieve intentions once a certain cue occurs in the environment. However, such prospective memory (PM) tasks can also be erroneously recalled even though they are no longer relevant and may result in commission errors. According to the dual mechanism account, commission errors occur because the intention is spontaneously retrieved, and there is a subsequent failure to suppress the associated action, resulting in erroneous instant execution. In three experiments, we tested whether failed response suppression is a prerequisite for commission errors. We set up a response lag condition in which participants had to delay their response to ongoing task trials for 1 s (Experiment 1) or 2 s (Experiments 2 and 3) and a pause condition in which the delay occurred between ongoing task trials. In both conditions, participants learned about a PM task and were then told that the PM task was cancelled. In addition, a control group with response lag executed the PM task and was subsequently told the task was finished. Later, all participants encountered several irrelevant PM cues. If failed response suppression is a prerequisite for commission errors, commission error rates should be non-existent in the response lag conditions, because participants had designated time to suppress the PM action. However, commission errors occurred at an equal rate in all lag and pause conditions. Due to this contradiction to the dual mechanism account, we suggest that the process for commission error occurrence should be reconsidered. Because commission errors appear not to be caused by failed response suppression, we discuss the idea that erroneous intentions might be formed when encountering the former PM cue and persist over delays between formation and execution.

  @article{schaper2019commission, abstract = {It is often necessary to retrieve intentions once a certain cue occurs in the environment. However, such prospective memory (PM) tasks can also be erroneously recalled even though they are no longer relevant and may result in commission errors. According to the dual mechanism account, commission errors occur because the intention is spontaneously retrieved, and there is a subsequent failure to suppress the associated action, resulting in erroneous instant execution. In three experiments, we tested whether failed response suppression is a prerequisite for commission errors. We set up a response lag condition in which participants had to delay their response to ongoing task trials for 1 s (Experiment 1) or 2 s (Experiments 2 and 3) and a pause condition in which the delay occurred between ongoing task trials. In both conditions, participants learned about a PM task and were then told that the PM task was cancelled. In addition, a control group with response lag executed the PM task and was subsequently told the task was finished. Later, all participants encountered several irrelevant PM cues. If failed response suppression is a prerequisite for commission errors, commission error rates should be non-existent in the response lag conditions, because participants had designated time to suppress the PM action. However, commission errors occurred at an equal rate in all lag and pause conditions. Due to this contradiction to the dual mechanism account, we suggest that the process for commission error occurrence should be reconsidered. Because commission errors appear not to be caused by failed response suppression, we discuss the idea that erroneous intentions might be formed when encountering the former PM cue and persist over delays between formation and execution.}, author = {Schaper, Philipp and Grundgeiger, Tobias}, booktitle = {Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, number = 10, pages = {2380-2392}, title = {Commission errors with forced response lag}, volume = 72, year = 2019 }
• Grundgeiger, T., T. Egenolf, C. Marcus, and O. Happel. “The Effect If Device (video Vs. Direct Laryngoscopy) and Experience (junior Vs. Senior) on Situation Awareness During Simulated Endotracheal Intubation”. In 63th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 531. Seattle, Washington, USA, October 28 – November 1, 2019.
  • [ BibTeX ]
  @inproceedings{grundgeiger2019effect, address = {Seattle, Washington, USA, October 28 – November 1}, author = {Grundgeiger, T. and Egenolf, T. and Marcus, C. and Happel, O.}, booktitle = {63th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, pages = 531, title = {The effect if device (video vs. direct laryngoscopy) and experience (junior vs. senior) on situation awareness during simulated endotracheal intubation}, year = 2019 }
• Grundgeiger, Tobias, Stephan Huber, Daniel Reinhardt, Andreas Steinisch, Oliver Happel, and Thomas Wurmb. Cognitive Aids in Acute Care: Investigating How Cognitive Aids Affect and Support in-Hospital Emergency Teams. 2019 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’19). Glasgow, UK, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300884.
  • [ BibTeX ]
  • [ DOI ]
  @proceedings{grundgeiger2019cognitive, address = {Glasgow, UK}, author = {Grundgeiger, Tobias and Huber, Stephan and Reinhardt, Daniel and Steinisch, Andreas and Happel, Oliver and Wurmb, Thomas}, booktitle = {2019 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’19)}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, pages = {654–}, title = {Cognitive aids in acute care: investigating how cognitive aids affect and support in-hospital emergency teams}, year = 2019 }
• Klueber, Sara, Erik Wolf, Tobias Grundgeiger, Birgit Brecknell, Ismail Mohamed, and Penelope M. Sanderson. “Supporting Multiple Patient Monitoring With Head-Worn Displays and Spearcons”. Applied Ergonomics 78 (2019): 86-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2019.01.009.
  • [ Abstract ]
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  In hospitals, clinicians often need to monitor several patients while performing other tasks. However, visual displays that show patients' vital signs are in fixed locations and auditory alarms intended to alert clinicians may be missed. Information such as spearcons (time-compressed speech earcons) that ‘travels’ with the clinician and is delivered by earpiece and/or head-worn displays (HWDs), might overcome these problems. In this study, non-clinicians monitored five simulated patients in three 10-min scenarios while performing a demanding tracking task. Monitoring accuracy was better for participants using spearcons and a HWD (88.7%) or a HWD alone (86.2%) than for participants using spearcons alone (74.1%). Participants using the spearcons and HWD (37.7%) performed the tracking task no differently from participants using spearcons alone (37.1%) but participants using the HWD alone performed worse overall (33.1%). The combination of both displays may be a suitable solution for monitoring multiple patients.

  @article{klueber2019headworn, abstract = {In hospitals, clinicians often need to monitor several patients while performing other tasks. However, visual displays that show patients' vital signs are in fixed locations and auditory alarms intended to alert clinicians may be missed. Information such as spearcons (time-compressed speech earcons) that ‘travels’ with the clinician and is delivered by earpiece and/or head-worn displays (HWDs), might overcome these problems. In this study, non-clinicians monitored five simulated patients in three 10-min scenarios while performing a demanding tracking task. Monitoring accuracy was better for participants using spearcons and a HWD (88.7%) or a HWD alone (86.2%) than for participants using spearcons alone (74.1%). Participants using the spearcons and HWD (37.7%) performed the tracking task no differently from participants using spearcons alone (37.1%) but participants using the HWD alone performed worse overall (33.1%). The combination of both displays may be a suitable solution for monitoring multiple patients.}, author = {Klueber, Sara and Wolf, Erik and Grundgeiger, Tobias and Brecknell, Birgit and Mohamed, Ismail and Sanderson, Penelope M.}, journal = {Applied Ergonomics}, keywords = {wolf}, pages = {86-96}, title = {Supporting Multiple Patient Monitoring with Head-Worn Displays and Spearcons}, volume = 78, year = 2019 }
• Loft, Shayne, Key Dismukes, and Tobias Grundgeiger. “Prospective Memory in Safety-Critical Work Contexts”. In Current Issues in Memory: Prospective Memory, edited by J. Rummel and M. McDaniel, 170-85. Taylor and Francis, 2019.
  • [ BibTeX ]
  @inbook{loft2019prospective, author = {Loft, Shayne and Dismukes, Key and Grundgeiger, Tobias}, booktitle = {Current Issues in Memory: Prospective Memory}, editor = {Rummel, J. and McDaniel, M.}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, pages = {170-185}, publisher = {Taylor and Francis}, title = {Prospective memory in safety-critical work contexts}, year = 2019 }
• Sanderson, Penelope, Tara McCurdie, and Tobias Grundgeiger. “Interruptions in Health Care: Assessing Their Connection With Error and Patient Harm”. Human Factors 61, no. 7 (2019): 1025-36. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720819869115.
  • [ Abstract ]
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  Objective:We address the problem of how researchers investigate the actual or potential causal connection between interruptions and medical errors, and whether interventions might reduce the potential for harm.Background:It is widely assumed that interruptions lead to errors and patient harm. However, many reviewers and authors have commented that there is not strong evidence for a causal connection.Method:We introduce a framework of criteria for assessing how strongly evidence implies causality: the so-called Bradford Hill criteria. We then examine four key “metanarratives” of research into interruptions in health care—applied cognitive psychology, epidemiology, quality improvement, and cognitive systems engineering—and assess how each tradition has addressed the causal connection between interruptions and error.Results:Outcomes of applying the Bradford Hill criteria are that the applied cognitive psychology and epidemiology metanarratives address the causal connection relatively directly, whereas the quality improvement metanarrative merely assumes causality, and the cognitive systems engineering metanarrative either implicitly or explicitly questions the feasibility of finding a direct causal connection with harm.Conclusion:The Bradford Hill criteria are useful for evaluating the existing literature on the relationship between interruptions in health care, clinical errors, and the potential for patient harm. In the future, more attention is needed to the issue of why interruptions usually do not lead to harm, and the implications for how we approach patient safety.

  @article{sanderson2019interruptions, abstract = {Objective:We address the problem of how researchers investigate the actual or potential causal connection between interruptions and medical errors, and whether interventions might reduce the potential for harm.Background:It is widely assumed that interruptions lead to errors and patient harm. However, many reviewers and authors have commented that there is not strong evidence for a causal connection.Method:We introduce a framework of criteria for assessing how strongly evidence implies causality: the so-called Bradford Hill criteria. We then examine four key “metanarratives” of research into interruptions in health care—applied cognitive psychology, epidemiology, quality improvement, and cognitive systems engineering—and assess how each tradition has addressed the causal connection between interruptions and error.Results:Outcomes of applying the Bradford Hill criteria are that the applied cognitive psychology and epidemiology metanarratives address the causal connection relatively directly, whereas the quality improvement metanarrative merely assumes causality, and the cognitive systems engineering metanarrative either implicitly or explicitly questions the feasibility of finding a direct causal connection with harm.Conclusion:The Bradford Hill criteria are useful for evaluating the existing literature on the relationship between interruptions in health care, clinical errors, and the potential for patient harm. In the future, more attention is needed to the issue of why interruptions usually do not lead to harm, and the implications for how we approach patient safety.}, author = {Sanderson, Penelope and McCurdie, Tara and Grundgeiger, Tobias}, booktitle = {Human Factors}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, number = 7, pages = {1025-1036}, title = {Interruptions in Health Care: Assessing Their Connection With Error and Patient Harm}, volume = 61, year = 2019 }

• Schlosser, Paul D., Tobias Grundgeiger, and Oliver Happel. “Multiple Patient Monitoring in the Operating Room Using a Head-Mounted Display”. In 2018 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Montreal, QC, Canada: ACM, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1145/3170427.3188460.
  • [ BibTeX ]
  • [ DOI ]
  @inproceedings{schlosser2018multiple, address = {Montreal, QC, Canada}, author = {Schlosser, Paul D. and Grundgeiger, Tobias and Happel, Oliver}, booktitle = {2018 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, publisher = {ACM}, title = {Multiple patient monitoring in the operating room using a head-mounted display}, year = 2018 }
• Huber, Stephan, Michael Weng, Tobias Grundgeiger, and Penelope Sanderson. “Microstrategies in Interruption Management”. In.
  • [ BibTeX ]
  @conference{RN1984, author = {Huber, Stephan and Weng, Michael and Grundgeiger, Tobias and Sanderson, Penelope}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, title = {Microstrategies in interruption management}, type = {Conference Presentation}, year = 2018 }
• Huber, Stephan, Tobias Grundgeiger, Daniel Reinhardt, Andreas Steinisch, Oliver Happel, and Thomas Wurmb. “A Cognitive Aid to Support Emergency Response Teams During in Hospital Cardiac Arrest”. Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Europe Chapter Annual Meeting 2018, Berlin, Germany. https://www.hfes-europe.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/AbstractsBerlin2018.pdf.
  • [ BibTeX ]
  • [ URL ]
  @misc{RN1983, author = {Huber, Stephan and Grundgeiger, Tobias and Reinhardt, Daniel and Steinisch, Andreas and Happel, Oliver and Wurmb, Thomas}, booktitle = {Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Europe Chapter Annual Meeting 2018, Berlin, Germany}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, title = {A cognitive aid to support emergency response teams during in hospital cardiac arrest}, type = {Conference Presentation}, year = 2018 }
• Außenhofer, Tom, Daniel Diethei, Franz Ertle, and Tobias Grundgeiger. “Typische Vs. Untypische Platzierung Von Webobjekten Mobiler Webseiten”. Mensch Und Computer 2017-Tagungsband: Spielend Einfach Interagieren 17 (2018): 425.
  • [ BibTeX ]
  @article{aussenhofer2018typische, author = {Außenhofer, Tom and Diethei, Daniel and Ertle, Franz and Grundgeiger, Tobias}, booktitle = {Mensch und Computer 2017-Tagungsband: Spielend einfach interagieren}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, pages = 425, title = {Typische vs. untypische Platzierung von Webobjekten mobiler Webseiten}, volume = 17, year = 2018 }

• Weng, Michael, Stephan Huber, Elizabeth Vilgan, Tobias Grundgeiger, and Penelope M. Sanderson. “Interruptions, Visual Cues, and the Microstructure of Interaction: Four Laboratory Studies”. Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud 103, no. C (July 2017): 77–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2017.02.002.
  • [ Abstract ]
  • [ BibTeX ]
  • [ URL ]
  • [ DOI ]
  Visual cues relating to an interrupted task can help people recover from workplace interruptions. However, it is unclear whether visual cues relating to their next steps in a primary task may help people manage interruptions. In a previous intensive care unit simulation study, Grundgeiger et al. (2013) found that nurses performing equipment checks were more likely to defer an interruption from a colleague if they could see the next steps of their task on the equipment screen. We abstracted some elements of the simulation study into a controlled laboratory study to test whether visual cues support interruption management. Participants' primary task was to verify a set of linked arithmetic equations presented on a computer page. From time to time, an animated virtual character interrupted the participant to mimic a social interruption, and the participant chose whether or not to defer a response to the interruptions until they finished their page of equations. In four experiments, the independent variable was visual cue (cue versus no cue) and the primary outcome was the proportion of interruptions from the character that the participant deferred so that she or he could complete the page of equations. Experiment 1 (in English) suggested that the visual cue made participants more likely to defer the interruption. However, a potential confound noted in Experiment 1 was eliminated in Experiment 2 (also in English) and the effect of the visual cue disappeared. Experiment 3 (in German) tested a different way to remove the confound and replicated the results of Experiment 2. Finally Experiment 4 (in German) restored the confound and replicated the results of Experiment 1. Participants decisions to defer interruptions can depend on apparently minor properties of their primary task. Visual cues about upcoming primary tasks may encourage people to defer interruptions.In four experiments we tested the role of cues vs. no cues during the interruption lag.Cues were confounded with a greater opportunity to make progress in the primary task.Deferrals were no more frequent with cues vs. no cues if confound was removed.Interruptionmanagement microstrategies revealed sensitivity to time or memory costs.

  @article{10.1016/j.ijhcs.2017.02.002, abstract = {Visual cues relating to an interrupted task can help people recover from workplace interruptions. However, it is unclear whether visual cues relating to their next steps in a primary task may help people manage interruptions. In a previous intensive care unit simulation study, Grundgeiger et al. (2013) found that nurses performing equipment checks were more likely to defer an interruption from a colleague if they could see the next steps of their task on the equipment screen. We abstracted some elements of the simulation study into a controlled laboratory study to test whether visual cues support interruption management. Participants' primary task was to verify a set of linked arithmetic equations presented on a computer page. From time to time, an animated virtual character interrupted the participant to mimic a social interruption, and the participant chose whether or not to defer a response to the interruptions until they finished their page of equations. In four experiments, the independent variable was visual cue (cue versus no cue) and the primary outcome was the proportion of interruptions from the character that the participant deferred so that she or he could complete the page of equations. Experiment 1 (in English) suggested that the visual cue made participants more likely to defer the interruption. However, a potential confound noted in Experiment 1 was eliminated in Experiment 2 (also in English) and the effect of the visual cue disappeared. Experiment 3 (in German) tested a different way to remove the confound and replicated the results of Experiment 2. Finally Experiment 4 (in German) restored the confound and replicated the results of Experiment 1. Participants decisions to defer interruptions can depend on apparently minor properties of their primary task. Visual cues about upcoming primary tasks may encourage people to defer interruptions.In four experiments we tested the role of cues vs. no cues during the interruption lag.Cues were confounded with a greater opportunity to make progress in the primary task.Deferrals were no more frequent with cues vs. no cues if confound was removed.Interruptionmanagement microstrategies revealed sensitivity to time or memory costs.}, address = {USA}, author = {Weng, Michael and Huber, Stephan and Vilgan, Elizabeth and Grundgeiger, Tobias and Sanderson, Penelope M.}, journal = {Int. J. Hum.-Comput. Stud.}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, month = {07}, number = {C}, pages = {77–94}, publisher = {Academic Press, Inc.}, title = {Interruptions, visual cues, and the microstructure of interaction: Four laboratory studies}, volume = 103, year = 2017 }
• Schaper, Philipp, and Tobias Grundgeiger. “The Effect of Different Distractions on Remembering Delayed Intentions”. Memory 26, no. 2 (2017): 154-70. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2017.1339090.
  • [ Abstract ]
  • [ BibTeX ]
  • [ DOI ]
  ABSTRACTIn safety-critical domains, frequently intentions need to be delayed until an ongoing task is completed. Research using the delay-execute paradigm showed that interruptions during the delay cause forgetting. However, staff members often handle an initial distraction not by interrupting the ongoing task but by acknowledging the distraction or multitasking. In Experiments 1a and 1b, we observed that, compared to a no distraction condition, multitasking significantly decreased remembering of intentions and interrupting decreased remembering even further. In Experiment 2, interruptions with context change reduced remembering of intentions compared to uninterrupted delays, and at the same time, interruptions without context change improved memory performance compared to uninterrupted delays. However, improved memory performance resulted in decreased interrupting task performance. Theoretically, the results support the contextual cueing mechanism of delay-execute tasks. Considering safety-critical domains, multitasking, interruptions and context changes can contribute to forgetting of tasks.

  @article{schaper2017effect, abstract = {ABSTRACTIn safety-critical domains, frequently intentions need to be delayed until an ongoing task is completed. Research using the delay-execute paradigm showed that interruptions during the delay cause forgetting. However, staff members often handle an initial distraction not by interrupting the ongoing task but by acknowledging the distraction or multitasking. In Experiments 1a and 1b, we observed that, compared to a no distraction condition, multitasking significantly decreased remembering of intentions and interrupting decreased remembering even further. In Experiment 2, interruptions with context change reduced remembering of intentions compared to uninterrupted delays, and at the same time, interruptions without context change improved memory performance compared to uninterrupted delays. However, improved memory performance resulted in decreased interrupting task performance. Theoretically, the results support the contextual cueing mechanism of delay-execute tasks. Considering safety-critical domains, multitasking, interruptions and context changes can contribute to forgetting of tasks.}, author = {Schaper, Philipp and Grundgeiger, Tobias}, booktitle = {Memory}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, number = 2, pages = {154-170}, title = {The effect of different distractions on remembering delayed intentions}, volume = 26, year = 2017 }
• Wurmb, Thomas, Stephan Huber, Tobias Grundgeiger, Daniel Reinhardt, Andreas Steinisch, and Oliver Happel. ““Cognitive Aid“ Und Echtzeit-Dokumentation Bei Innerklinischen Reanimationen: Weiterentwicklung Einer Tablet-PC Basierten „App“”. Presentation at the Wissenschaftliche Arbeitstage Notfallmedizin (WATN) 2017.
  • [ BibTeX ]
  @misc{RN1982, author = {Wurmb, Thomas and Huber, Stephan and Grundgeiger, Tobias and Reinhardt, Daniel and Steinisch, Andreas and Happel, Oliver}, booktitle = {Presentation at the Wissenschaftliche Arbeitstage Notfallmedizin (WATN) 2017}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, title = {“Cognitive Aid“ und Echtzeit-Dokumentation bei innerklinischen Reanimationen: Weiterentwicklung einer Tablet-PC basierten „App“}, type = {Presentation}, year = 2017 }
• Diethei, Daniel, Franz Ertle, Tobias Grundgeiger, Christoph Mengelkamp, and Volker Held. “E-Learning Vs. E-Learning With Hands-On: An Experimental Study to Improve Clinical Skills”. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 61, no. 1 (2017): 660-60. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601651.
  • [ Abstract ]
  • [ BibTeX ]
  • [ DOI ]
  The training of healthcare staff is an important aspect in reducing adverse events related to medical devices. For medical devices, e-learning has been shown to be a successful method for knowledge acquisition (e.g., Grundgeiger et al, 2016). However, research addressed the learning of clinical skills to a lesser extent. Hands-on learning seems to be superior to conventional classroom learning when it comes to long-term-memory performance (e.g., Hearns, Miller, & Nelson, 2010). This study examined whether using a syringe pump while learning improves the skills to operate the pump, subjective confidence when using the pump, and knowledge about the pump compared to a training without the pump.We tested two groups of nursing students. One group received training with an e-learning module and a syringe pump for hands-on practice (e-learning + pump, n = 25), whereas the other group used the e-learning module only (e-learning only, n = 26). In the first session, the participants were asked to conduct a 35-minute training session, followed by a questionnaire, a knowledge test, and a skills test. In a follow-up session, the tests were repeated but these results are not part of this abstract. Ethical approval was obtained from the local ethics committee and the participants gave their informed consent.The independent variable was learning method and was manipulated between participants. One group was instructed to make use of a syringe pump placed next to the e-learning computer during the e-learning module (e-learning + pump). The second group did not have the syringe pump while learning (e-learning only). The main dependent variable was the number of tasks solved in the skills test. In addition, we investigated the participants? subjective confidence in operating the syringe pump, their knowledge about the pump, and the amount of assistance that the participants needed to solve the tasks. Based on the literature, we expected that the e-learning + pump group would solve more tasks in the skill test, is more confident in using the pump, and would require less assistance compared to the e-learning only group.The difference of the proportion of solved tasks in the skills test between e-learning + pump group and the e-learning only group was not significant. There was even a slight descriptive advantage for the e-learning only group. For the confidence rating, we observed no significant difference between the groups. In the knowledge test, the e-learning + pump group performed slightly better than the e-learning only group, but the difference was not statistically significant. To assess the amount of required assistance, we counted every sub-task for which a participant needed assistance, regardless of the amount of assistance given per sub-task. Again, there was no effect of the learning method.The results suggest that, with the current study design, there is no benefit of having the device at hand. One may argue that the power of our study might have been too low to find a statistically significant difference between the learning methods. However, because our main independent variable indicated a trend in the opposite direction, we conclude that the current e-learning + pump training does not provide any benefits over e-learning only.The null-effect found in the present study may be due to the split-attention effect. Participants in the e-learning + pump group were told to use the syringe pump combined with the e-learning application. Therefore, they had to switch between the e-learning application and the syringe pump in an unsteady manner to receive all of the relevant information. Considering the split-attention effect (Ayres & Sweller, 2014), switching back and forth might have increased the participants? cognitive extraneous load (Sweller et al., 1998).Although our results are somewhat unexpected, our study showed that ?just? providing a device and instructing healthcare staff to use the device alongside a e-learning module does not improve learning outcomes. Based on the literature (Keers et al., 2013), however, there s a need to improve learning. Future studies should develop and evaluate innovative approaches to teach clinical skills in order to improve overall patient safety.

  @article{diethei2017elearning, abstract = {The training of healthcare staff is an important aspect in reducing adverse events related to medical devices. For medical devices, e-learning has been shown to be a successful method for knowledge acquisition (e.g., Grundgeiger et al, 2016). However, research addressed the learning of clinical skills to a lesser extent. Hands-on learning seems to be superior to conventional classroom learning when it comes to long-term-memory performance (e.g., Hearns, Miller, & Nelson, 2010). This study examined whether using a syringe pump while learning improves the skills to operate the pump, subjective confidence when using the pump, and knowledge about the pump compared to a training without the pump.We tested two groups of nursing students. One group received training with an e-learning module and a syringe pump for hands-on practice (e-learning + pump, n = 25), whereas the other group used the e-learning module only (e-learning only, n = 26). In the first session, the participants were asked to conduct a 35-minute training session, followed by a questionnaire, a knowledge test, and a skills test. In a follow-up session, the tests were repeated but these results are not part of this abstract. Ethical approval was obtained from the local ethics committee and the participants gave their informed consent.The independent variable was learning method and was manipulated between participants. One group was instructed to make use of a syringe pump placed next to the e-learning computer during the e-learning module (e-learning + pump). The second group did not have the syringe pump while learning (e-learning only). The main dependent variable was the number of tasks solved in the skills test. In addition, we investigated the participants? subjective confidence in operating the syringe pump, their knowledge about the pump, and the amount of assistance that the participants needed to solve the tasks. Based on the literature, we expected that the e-learning + pump group would solve more tasks in the skill test, is more confident in using the pump, and would require less assistance compared to the e-learning only group.The difference of the proportion of solved tasks in the skills test between e-learning + pump group and the e-learning only group was not significant. There was even a slight descriptive advantage for the e-learning only group. For the confidence rating, we observed no significant difference between the groups. In the knowledge test, the e-learning + pump group performed slightly better than the e-learning only group, but the difference was not statistically significant. To assess the amount of required assistance, we counted every sub-task for which a participant needed assistance, regardless of the amount of assistance given per sub-task. Again, there was no effect of the learning method.The results suggest that, with the current study design, there is no benefit of having the device at hand. One may argue that the power of our study might have been too low to find a statistically significant difference between the learning methods. However, because our main independent variable indicated a trend in the opposite direction, we conclude that the current e-learning + pump training does not provide any benefits over e-learning only.The null-effect found in the present study may be due to the split-attention effect. Participants in the e-learning + pump group were told to use the syringe pump combined with the e-learning application. Therefore, they had to switch between the e-learning application and the syringe pump in an unsteady manner to receive all of the relevant information. Considering the split-attention effect (Ayres & Sweller, 2014), switching back and forth might have increased the participants? cognitive extraneous load (Sweller et al., 1998).Although our results are somewhat unexpected, our study showed that ?just? providing a device and instructing healthcare staff to use the device alongside a e-learning module does not improve learning outcomes. Based on the literature (Keers et al., 2013), however, there s a need to improve learning. Future studies should develop and evaluate innovative approaches to teach clinical skills in order to improve overall patient safety.}, author = {Diethei, Daniel and Ertle, Franz and Grundgeiger, Tobias and Mengelkamp, Christoph and Held, Volker}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, number = 1, pages = {660-660}, title = {E-Learning vs. E-Learning with Hands-on: An Experimental Study to Improve Clinical Skills}, volume = 61, year = 2017 }
• Grundgeiger, Tobias, Christoph Klöffel, Sophia Mohme, Thomas Wurmb, and Oliver Happel. “An Investigation into the Effects of Real Vs. Simulated Cases and Level of Experience on the Distribution of Visual Attention During Induction of General Anaesthesia”. Anaesthesia 72, no. 5 (2017): 624-32. https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.13821.
  • [ Abstract ]
  • [ BibTeX ]
  • [ DOI ]
  In anaesthesia, patient simulators have been used for training and research. However, insights from simulator-based research may only translate to real settings if the simulation elicits the same behaviour as the real setting. To this end, we investigated the effects of the case (simulated case vs. real case) and experience level (junior vs. senior) on the distribution of visual attention during the induction of general anaesthesia. We recorded eye-tracking data from 12 junior and 12 senior anaesthetists inducing general anaesthesia in a simulation room and in an actual operating room (48 recordings). Using a classification system from the literature, we assigned each fixation to one of 24 areas of interest and classified the areas of interest into groups related to monitoring, manual, and other tasks. Anaesthetists gave more visual attention to monitoring related areas of interest in simulated cases than in real cases (p = 0.001). We observed no effect of the factor case for manual tasks. For other tasks, anaesthetists gave more visual attention to areas of interest related to other tasks in real cases than in simulated cases (p < 0.001). Experience level did not have an effect on the distribution of visual attention. The results showed that there were differences in the distribution of visual attention by between real and simulated cases. Therefore, researchers need to be careful when translating simulation-based research on topics involving visual attention to the clinical environment.

  @article{grundgeiger2017investigation, abstract = {In anaesthesia, patient simulators have been used for training and research. However, insights from simulator-based research may only translate to real settings if the simulation elicits the same behaviour as the real setting. To this end, we investigated the effects of the case (simulated case vs. real case) and experience level (junior vs. senior) on the distribution of visual attention during the induction of general anaesthesia. We recorded eye-tracking data from 12 junior and 12 senior anaesthetists inducing general anaesthesia in a simulation room and in an actual operating room (48 recordings). Using a classification system from the literature, we assigned each fixation to one of 24 areas of interest and classified the areas of interest into groups related to monitoring, manual, and other tasks. Anaesthetists gave more visual attention to monitoring related areas of interest in simulated cases than in real cases (p = 0.001). We observed no effect of the factor case for manual tasks. For other tasks, anaesthetists gave more visual attention to areas of interest related to other tasks in real cases than in simulated cases (p < 0.001). Experience level did not have an effect on the distribution of visual attention. The results showed that there were differences in the distribution of visual attention by between real and simulated cases. Therefore, researchers need to be careful when translating simulation-based research on topics involving visual attention to the clinical environment.}, author = {Grundgeiger, Tobias and Klöffel, Christoph and Mohme, Sophia and Wurmb, Thomas and Happel, Oliver}, booktitle = {Anaesthesia}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, number = 5, pages = {624-632}, title = {An investigation into the effects of real vs. simulated cases and level of experience on the distribution of visual attention during induction of general anaesthesia}, volume = 72, year = 2017 }
• Grundgeiger, Tobias, Jürgen Pichen, Jennifer Häfner, Birgit Wallmann-Sperlich, Diana Löffler, and Stephan Huber. “Combating Sedentary Behavior: An App Based on a Distributed Prospective Memory Approach”. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1632-39. ACM, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1145/3027063.3053094.
  • [ BibTeX ]
  • [ DOI ]
  @inproceedings{grundgeiger2017combating, author = {Grundgeiger, Tobias and Pichen, Jürgen and Häfner, Jennifer and Wallmann-Sperlich, Birgit and Löffler, Diana and Huber, Stephan}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, pages = {1632-1639}, publisher = {ACM}, title = {Combating Sedentary Behavior: An App Based on a Distributed Prospective Memory Approach}, year = 2017 }
• Weng, Michael, Stephan Huber, Elizabeth Vilgan, Tobias Grundgeiger, and P. M. Sanderson. “Interruptions, Visual Cues, and the Microstructure of Interaction: Four Laboratory Studies”. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 103 (2017): 77-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2017.02.002.
  • [ Abstract ]
  • [ BibTeX ]
  • [ DOI ]
  Visual cues relating to an interrupted task can help people recover from workplace interruptions. However, it is unclear whether visual cues relating to their next steps in a primary task may help people manage interruptions. In a previous intensive care unit simulation study, Grundgeiger et al. (2013) found that nurses performing equipment checks were more likely to defer an interruption from a colleague if they could see the next steps of their task on the equipment screen. We abstracted some elements of the simulation study into a controlled laboratory study to test whether visual cues support interruption management. Participants' primary task was to verify a set of linked arithmetic equations presented on a computer page. From time to time, an animated virtual character interrupted the participant to mimic a social interruption, and the participant chose whether or not to defer a response to the interruptions until they finished their page of equations. In four experiments, the independent variable was visual cue (cue versus no cue) and the primary outcome was the proportion of interruptions from the character that the participant deferred so that she or he could complete the page of equations. Experiment 1 (in English) suggested that the visual cue made participants more likely to defer the interruption. However, a potential confound noted in Experiment 1 was eliminated in Experiment 2 (also in English) and the effect of the visual cue disappeared. Experiment 3 (in German) tested a different way to remove the confound and replicated the results of Experiment 2. Finally Experiment 4 (in German) restored the confound and replicated the results of Experiment 1. Participants’ decisions to defer interruptions can depend on apparently minor properties of their primary task.

  @article{weng2017interruptions, abstract = {Visual cues relating to an interrupted task can help people recover from workplace interruptions. However, it is unclear whether visual cues relating to their next steps in a primary task may help people manage interruptions. In a previous intensive care unit simulation study, Grundgeiger et al. (2013) found that nurses performing equipment checks were more likely to defer an interruption from a colleague if they could see the next steps of their task on the equipment screen. We abstracted some elements of the simulation study into a controlled laboratory study to test whether visual cues support interruption management. Participants' primary task was to verify a set of linked arithmetic equations presented on a computer page. From time to time, an animated virtual character interrupted the participant to mimic a social interruption, and the participant chose whether or not to defer a response to the interruptions until they finished their page of equations. In four experiments, the independent variable was visual cue (cue versus no cue) and the primary outcome was the proportion of interruptions from the character that the participant deferred so that she or he could complete the page of equations. Experiment 1 (in English) suggested that the visual cue made participants more likely to defer the interruption. However, a potential confound noted in Experiment 1 was eliminated in Experiment 2 (also in English) and the effect of the visual cue disappeared. Experiment 3 (in German) tested a different way to remove the confound and replicated the results of Experiment 2. Finally Experiment 4 (in German) restored the confound and replicated the results of Experiment 1. Participants’ decisions to defer interruptions can depend on apparently minor properties of their primary task.}, author = {Weng, Michael and Huber, Stephan and Vilgan, Elizabeth and Grundgeiger, Tobias and Sanderson, P. M.}, booktitle = {International Journal of Human-Computer Studies}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, pages = {77-94}, title = {Interruptions, visual cues, and the microstructure of interaction: Four laboratory studies}, volume = 103, year = 2017 }

• Grundgeiger, Tobias, Moritz Albert, Daniel Reinhardt, Oilver Happel, Andreas Steinisch, and Thomas Wurmb. “Real-Time Tablet-Based Resuscitation Documentation by the Team Leader: Evaluating Documentation Quality and Clinical Performance”. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 24, no. 1 (2016): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13049-016-0242-3.
  • [ Abstract ]
  • [ BibTeX ]
  • [ DOI ]
  Precise and complete documentation of in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitations is important but data quality can be poor. In the present study, we investigated the effect of a tablet-based application for real-time resuscitation documentation used by the emergency team leader on documentation quality and clinical performance of the emergency team.

  @article{grundgeiger2016realtime, abstract = {Precise and complete documentation of in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitations is important but data quality can be poor. In the present study, we investigated the effect of a tablet-based application for real-time resuscitation documentation used by the emergency team leader on documentation quality and clinical performance of the emergency team.}, author = {Grundgeiger, Tobias and Albert, Moritz and Reinhardt, Daniel and Happel, Oilver and Steinisch, Andreas and Wurmb, Thomas}, booktitle = {Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, number = 1, pages = {1-7}, title = {Real-time tablet-based resuscitation documentation by the team leader: evaluating documentation quality and clinical performance}, volume = 24, year = 2016 }
• Grundgeiger, Tobias, Sidney Dekker, Penelope Sanderson, Birgit Brecknell, David Liu, and Leanne M Aitken. “Obstacles to Research on the Effects of Interruptions in Healthcare”. BMJ Quality & Safety 25, no. 6 (2016): 392-95. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2015-004083.
  • [ BibTeX ]
  • [ DOI ]
  @article{grundgeiger2016obstacles, author = {Grundgeiger, Tobias and Dekker, Sidney and Sanderson, Penelope and Brecknell, Birgit and Liu, David and Aitken, Leanne M}, booktitle = {BMJ Quality & Safety}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, number = 6, pages = {392-395}, title = {Obstacles to research on the effects of interruptions in healthcare}, volume = 25, year = 2016 }
• Grundgeiger, Tobias, Lorenz Kolb, M. O. Korb, Christoph Mengelkamp, and Volker Held. “Training Students to Use Syringe Pumps: An Experimental Comparison of E-Learning and Classroom Training”. Biomedical Engineering Biomedizinische Technik 61, no. 2 (2016): 211–220. https://doi.org/10.1515/bmt-2014-0116.
  • [ BibTeX ]
  • [ DOI ]
  @article{grundgeiger2016training, author = {Grundgeiger, Tobias and Kolb, Lorenz and Korb, M. O. and Mengelkamp, Christoph and Held, Volker}, booktitle = {Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, number = 2, pages = {211–220}, title = {Training students to use syringe pumps: An experimental comparison of e-learning and classroom training}, volume = 61, year = 2016 }
• Schaper, Philipp, and Tobias Grundgeiger. “Commission Errors in Delay-Execute Prospective Memory Tasks”. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 70, no. 7 (2016): 1423-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2016.1187182.
  • [ BibTeX ]
  • [ DOI ]
  @article{schaper2016commission, author = {Schaper, Philipp and Grundgeiger, Tobias}, booktitle = {Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, number = 7, pages = {1423-1438}, title = {Commission errors in delay-execute prospective memory tasks}, volume = 70, year = 2016 }
• Schlosser, Paul D., Penelope M. Sanderson, Tobias Grundgeiger, David Liu, and Robert G. Loeb. The Effect of Conventional Screens Vs. Head-Mounted Displays on Alarm Monitoring Strategies. 60th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. Vol. 60. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601357.
  • [ BibTeX ]
  • [ DOI ]
  @proceedings{schlosser2016effect, author = {Schlosser, Paul D. and Sanderson, Penelope M. and Grundgeiger, Tobias and Liu, David and Loeb, Robert G.}, booktitle = {60th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, pages = 1555, title = {The Effect of Conventional Screens vs. Head-Mounted Displays on Alarm Monitoring Strategies}, volume = 60, year = 2016 }
• Grundgeiger, Tobias, Christoph Klöffel, Sophia Mohme, Thomas Wurmb, and Oliver Happel. “Visual Attention in Anesthesiology: The Effect of the Environment (Simulated Vs. Real) and Expertise (Junior Vs. Senior)”. In 60th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 531. Washington DC, September 19–23, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601121.
  • [ BibTeX ]
  • [ DOI ]
  @inproceedings{grundgeiger2016visual, address = {Washington DC, September 19–23}, author = {Grundgeiger, Tobias and Klöffel, Christoph and Mohme, Sophia and Wurmb, Thomas and Happel, Oliver}, booktitle = {60th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, pages = 531, title = {Visual Attention in Anesthesiology: The Effect of the Environment (Simulated vs. Real) and Expertise (Junior vs. Senior)}, year = 2016 }

• Sanderson, P. M., and Tobias Grundgeiger. “How Do Interruptions Affect Clinician Performance in Healthcare? Negotiating Fidelity, Control, and Potential Generalizability in the Search for Answers”. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 79 (2015): 85–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2014.11.003.
  • [ Abstract ]
  • [ BibTeX ]
  • [ DOI ]
  Interruptions and distractions are a feature of work in most complex sociotechnical systems in which people must handle multiple threads of work. Over the last 10–15 years there has been a crescendo of reviews and investigations into the impact that interruptions and distractions have on safety-critical aspects of healthcare work, such as medication administration, but findings are still inconclusive. Despite this, many healthcare communities have taken steps to reduce interruptions and distractions in safety-critical work tasks, a step that will usually do no harm but that may have unintended consequences. Investigations with a higher yield of certainty would provide better evidence and better guidance to healthcare communities. In this viewpoint paper we survey some key papers reporting investigations of interruptions and distractions in the field, in simulators, and in the laboratory. We also survey reports of field interventions aimed at minimizing interruptions and distractions with the intention of improving the safety of medication administration and other safety-critical healthcare tasks. To analyse the papers adopting each form of investigation, we use the three dimensions of fidelity, formal control exercised, and the potential generalizability to the field. We argue that studies of interruptions and distractions outside the healthcare clinical context, but intended to generalize to it, should become more formally representative of the cognitive context of healthcare work. Research would be improved if investigators undertook programs of studies that successively achieve fidelity, control, and potential generalizability, or if they strengthened the design of individual studies.

  @article{sanderson2015interruptions, abstract = {Interruptions and distractions are a feature of work in most complex sociotechnical systems in which people must handle multiple threads of work. Over the last 10–15 years there has been a crescendo of reviews and investigations into the impact that interruptions and distractions have on safety-critical aspects of healthcare work, such as medication administration, but findings are still inconclusive. Despite this, many healthcare communities have taken steps to reduce interruptions and distractions in safety-critical work tasks, a step that will usually do no harm but that may have unintended consequences. Investigations with a higher yield of certainty would provide better evidence and better guidance to healthcare communities. In this viewpoint paper we survey some key papers reporting investigations of interruptions and distractions in the field, in simulators, and in the laboratory. We also survey reports of field interventions aimed at minimizing interruptions and distractions with the intention of improving the safety of medication administration and other safety-critical healthcare tasks. To analyse the papers adopting each form of investigation, we use the three dimensions of fidelity, formal control exercised, and the potential generalizability to the field. We argue that studies of interruptions and distractions outside the healthcare clinical context, but intended to generalize to it, should become more formally representative of the cognitive context of healthcare work. Research would be improved if investigators undertook programs of studies that successively achieve fidelity, control, and potential generalizability, or if they strengthened the design of individual studies.}, author = {Sanderson, P. M. and Grundgeiger, Tobias}, booktitle = {International Journal of Human-Computer Studies}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, pages = {85–96}, title = {How do interruptions affect clinician performance in healthcare? Negotiating fidelity, control, and potential generalizability in the search for answers}, volume = 79, year = 2015 }
• Grundgeiger, Tobias, Thomas Wurmb, and Oliver Happel. “Eye Tracking in Anesthesiology: Literature Review, Methodological Issues, and Research Topics”. In 59th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 493-97. Los Angeles, CA, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541931215591106.
  • [ BibTeX ]
  • [ DOI ]
  @inproceedings{grundgeiger2015tracking, address = {Los Angeles, CA}, author = {Grundgeiger, Tobias and Wurmb, Thomas and Happel, Oliver}, booktitle = {59th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, pages = {493-497}, title = {Eye tracking in anesthesiology: Literature review, methodological issues, and research topics}, year = 2015 }
• Reinhardt, Daniel, Ann-Kathrin Kraft, Mortiz Albert, Tobias Grundgeiger, Oliver Happel, Andreas Steinisch, and Thomas Wurmb. “A Tablet-Based Documentation Tool for in-Hospital Resuscitations”. In 59th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 531-35. Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541931215591114.
  • [ BibTeX ]
  • [ DOI ]
  @inproceedings{reinhardt2015tabletbased, address = {Los Angeles, CA, USA}, author = {Reinhardt, Daniel and Kraft, Ann-Kathrin and Albert, Mortiz and Grundgeiger, Tobias and Happel, Oliver and Steinisch, Andreas and Wurmb, Thomas}, booktitle = {59th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, pages = {531-535}, title = {A tablet-based documentation tool for in-hospital resuscitations}, year = 2015 }

• Huber, Stephan, Michael Weng, Tobias Grundgeiger, and Penelope Sanderson. “The Effect of Visual Cues on How People Handle Interruptions”. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 58, no. 1 (September 2014): 250-54. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541931214581052.
  • [ Abstract ]
  • [ BibTeX ]
  • [ URL ]
  • [ DOI ]
  People in work domains such as healthcare are often interrupted. As a result, they sometimes forget to resume their prior task, which may lead to undesirable consequences. In many cases, strategies such as deferring an interruption for a while can help people lower the risks imposed by interruptions. Using two computer-based tasks, we investigated whether visual cues make people more likely to defer an interruption until their current task is finished. Our study participants worked on an arithmetic task and were interrupted from time to time by an animated character inviting them to play Tic-Tac-Toe. Results showed that participants were more likely to defer accepting the interruption and to complete the arithmetic task if the arithmetic task contained visual cues that indicated the location of the next steps, than if it did not. The findings suggest that equipment with appropriately designed visual cues might encourage people to defer interruptions and finish their current tasks. Further research is needed to understand exactly how visual cues promote deferral strategies.

  @article{huber2014effect, abstract = {People in work domains such as healthcare are often interrupted. As a result, they sometimes forget to resume their prior task, which may lead to undesirable consequences. In many cases, strategies such as deferring an interruption for a while can help people lower the risks imposed by interruptions. Using two computer-based tasks, we investigated whether visual cues make people more likely to defer an interruption until their current task is finished. Our study participants worked on an arithmetic task and were interrupted from time to time by an animated character inviting them to play Tic-Tac-Toe. Results showed that participants were more likely to defer accepting the interruption and to complete the arithmetic task if the arithmetic task contained visual cues that indicated the location of the next steps, than if it did not. The findings suggest that equipment with appropriately designed visual cues might encourage people to defer interruptions and finish their current tasks. Further research is needed to understand exactly how visual cues promote deferral strategies.}, author = {Huber, Stephan and Weng, Michael and Grundgeiger, Tobias and Sanderson, Penelope}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting}, journal = {Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, month = {09}, number = 1, pages = {250–254}, publisher = {SAGE Publications Inc}, title = {The Effect of Visual Cues on How People Handle Interruptions}, volume = 58, year = 2014 }
• Grundgeiger, T., B. Harris, N. Ford, P. Sanderson, and B. Venkatesh. “Emergency Medical Equipment Storage: Benefits of Visual Cues Tested in Field and Simulated Settings”. Human Factors 56, no. 4 (2014): 958-72. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720813514605.
  • [ BibTeX ]
  • [ DOI ]
  @article{grundgeiger2014emergency, author = {Grundgeiger, T. and Harris, B. and Ford, N. and Sanderson, P. and Venkatesh, B.}, booktitle = {Human Factors}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, number = 4, pages = {958-72}, title = {Emergency medical equipment storage: Benefits of visual cues tested in field and simulated settings}, volume = 56, year = 2014 }
• Grundgeiger, Tobias, Penelope M. Sanderson, and R. Key Dismukes. “Prospective Memory in Complex Sociotechnical Systems”. Zeitschrift für Psychologie 222, no. 2 (2014): 100-109. https://doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000171.
  • [ BibTeX ]
  • [ DOI ]
  @article{grundgeiger2014prospective, author = {Grundgeiger, Tobias and Sanderson, Penelope M. and Dismukes, R. Key}, booktitle = {Zeitschrift für Psychologie}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, number = 2, pages = {100-109}, title = {Prospective memory in complex sociotechnical systems}, volume = 222, year = 2014 }
• Grundgeiger, T, M Scharf, J Grundgeiger, and R Scheuchenpflug. “Manual Distractions of Ambulance Drivers: Light-and-Siren Vs. Non-Light-and-Siren Travel”. In Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 58:1134-38. SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541931214581237.
  • [ BibTeX ]
  • [ DOI ]
  @inproceedings{grundgeiger2014manual, author = {Grundgeiger, T and Scharf, M and Grundgeiger, J and Scheuchenpflug, R}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, pages = {1134-1138}, publisher = {SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA}, title = {Manual Distractions of Ambulance Drivers: Light-and-siren vs. Non-light-and-siren Travel}, volume = 58, year = 2014 }
• Grundgeiger, T. “Noncompetitive Retrieval Practice Causes Retrieval-Induced Forgetting in Cued Recall But Not in Recognition”. Memory & Cognition 42, no. 3 (2014): 400-408. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-013-0372-z.
  • [ BibTeX ]
  • [ DOI ]
  @article{grundgeiger2014noncompetitive, author = {Grundgeiger, T.}, booktitle = {Memory & Cognition}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, number = 3, pages = {400-408}, title = {Noncompetitive retrieval practice causes retrieval-induced forgetting in cued recall but not in recognition}, volume = 42, year = 2014 }

• Bayen, U. J., A. Dogangun, T. Grundgeiger, A. Haese, G. Stockmanns, and J. Ziegler. “Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Memory Aid System”. Gerontology 59, no. 1 (2013): 77-84. https://doi.org/10.1159/000339096.
  • [ Abstract ]
  • [ BibTeX ]
  • [ DOI ]
  Background: The ability to remember future intentions is compromised in both healthy and cognitively impaired older adults. Assistive technology provides older adults with promising solutions to cope with this age-related problem. However, the effectiveness and efficiency of such systems as memory aids is seldom evaluated in controlled, randomized trials. Objectives: We evaluated the effectiveness of a memory aid system, the InBad (engl. InBath), for bathroom-related daily care. Conceptually, the InBad learns user behavior patterns and detects deviations from the learned pattern in order to notify the user of a forgotten task. Methods: We simulated a challenging morning routine consisting of 22 bathroom activities with a sample of 60 healthy older adults. Participants were randomly assigned to three groups: (1) 'no memory support', i.e. participants received no support at all, (2) 'list support', i.e. participants could retrieve a list of all activities, and (3) 'system support', i.e. participants received prompts for specific activities that had not yet been executed. Results: Both support groups executed significantly more activities compared to the 'no support' group. In addition, system support resulted in significantly better performance compared to list support with no significant differences between the two groups in overall task duration. Conclusion: The assistive support system was the most effective and efficient memory aid. The results suggest that assistive technology has the potential to enable older adults to remain safe and independent in their own home. Copyright (c) 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel

  @article{bayen2013evaluating, abstract = {Background: The ability to remember future intentions is compromised in both healthy and cognitively impaired older adults. Assistive technology provides older adults with promising solutions to cope with this age-related problem. However, the effectiveness and efficiency of such systems as memory aids is seldom evaluated in controlled, randomized trials. Objectives: We evaluated the effectiveness of a memory aid system, the InBad (engl. InBath), for bathroom-related daily care. Conceptually, the InBad learns user behavior patterns and detects deviations from the learned pattern in order to notify the user of a forgotten task. Methods: We simulated a challenging morning routine consisting of 22 bathroom activities with a sample of 60 healthy older adults. Participants were randomly assigned to three groups: (1) 'no memory support', i.e. participants received no support at all, (2) 'list support', i.e. participants could retrieve a list of all activities, and (3) 'system support', i.e. participants received prompts for specific activities that had not yet been executed. Results: Both support groups executed significantly more activities compared to the 'no support' group. In addition, system support resulted in significantly better performance compared to list support with no significant differences between the two groups in overall task duration. Conclusion: The assistive support system was the most effective and efficient memory aid. The results suggest that assistive technology has the potential to enable older adults to remain safe and independent in their own home. Copyright (c) 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel}, author = {Bayen, U. J. and Dogangun, A. and Grundgeiger, T. and Haese, A. and Stockmanns, G. and Ziegler, J.}, booktitle = {Gerontology}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, number = 1, pages = {77-84}, title = {Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Memory Aid System}, volume = 59, year = 2013 }
• Grundgeiger, Tobias, Penelope M. Sanderson, C. Beltran Orihuela, A. Thompson, H.G MacDougall, L. Nunnink, and B. Venkatesh. “Prospective Memory in the ICU: The Effect of Visual Cues on Task Execution in a Representative Simulation”. Ergonomics 56, no. 4 (2013): 579-89. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2013.765604.
  • [ BibTeX ]
  • [ DOI ]
  @article{grundgeiger2013prospective, author = {Grundgeiger, Tobias and Sanderson, Penelope M. and Beltran Orihuela, C. and Thompson, A. and MacDougall, H.G and Nunnink, L. and Venkatesh, B.}, booktitle = {Ergonomics}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, number = 4, pages = {579-589}, title = {Prospective memory in the ICU: the effect of visual cues on task execution in a representative simulation}, volume = 56, year = 2013 }
• Grundgeiger, T., U.J Bayen, and S.S Horn. “Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Prospective Memory”. Memory 22, no. 6 (2013): 679-86. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2013.812220.
  • [ BibTeX ]
  • [ DOI ]
  @article{grundgeiger2013effects, author = {Grundgeiger, T. and Bayen, U.J and Horn, S.S}, booktitle = {Memory}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, number = 6, pages = {679-686}, title = {Effects of sleep deprivation on prospective memory}, volume = 22, year = 2013 }

• Grundgeiger, Tobias, Penelope M. Sanderson, Hamish .G MacDougall, and Balasubramanian Venkatesh. “Interruption Management in the Intensive Care Unit: Predicting Resumption Times and Assessing Distributed Support”. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 16, no. 4 (2010): 317–334. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021912.
  • [ BibTeX ]
  • [ DOI ]
  @article{grundgeiger2010interruption, author = {Grundgeiger, Tobias and Sanderson, Penelope M. and MacDougall, Hamish .G and Venkatesh, Balasubramanian}, booktitle = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, number = 4, pages = {317–334}, title = {Interruption management in the intensive care unit: Predicting resumption times and assessing distributed support}, volume = 16, year = 2010 }
• Grundgeiger, T., P. M. Sanderson, C. Beltran Orihuela, A. Thompson, H.G MacDougall, L. Nunnink, and B. Venkatesh. “Prospective Memory in Intensive Care Nursing”. In The 3rd International Conference on Prospective Memory. Vancouver, Canada: 28-30 July 2010, 2010.
  • [ BibTeX ]
  @inproceedings{grundgeiger2010prospective, address = {Vancouver, Canada: 28-30 July 2010.}, author = {Grundgeiger, T. and Sanderson, P. M. and Beltran Orihuela, C. and Thompson, A. and MacDougall, H.G and Nunnink, L. and Venkatesh, B.}, booktitle = {The 3rd International Conference on Prospective Memory}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, title = {Prospective Memory in Intensive Care Nursing}, year = 2010 }
• Grundgeiger, T., P. M. Sanderson, C. Beltran Orihuela, A. Thompson, H.G MacDougall, L. Nunnink, and B. Venkatesh. Using a Full-Scale Simulation Environment to Investigate How Nurses Remember Future Intentions. Proceedings of the SimTecT 2010 Healthcare Simulation Conference. (SimTecT Healthcare 2010). Melbourne, VIC; 30 Aug - 2 Sep 2010, 2010.
  • [ BibTeX ]
  @proceedings{grundgeiger2010using, address = {Melbourne, VIC; 30 Aug - 2 Sep 2010}, author = {Grundgeiger, T. and Sanderson, P. M. and Beltran Orihuela, C. and Thompson, A. and MacDougall, H.G and Nunnink, L. and Venkatesh, B.}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the SimTecT 2010 Healthcare Simulation conference. (SimTecT Healthcare 2010).}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, title = {Using a Full-Scale Simulation Environment to Investigate How Nurses Remember Future Intentions}, year = 2010 }
• Grundgeiger, T. The Effect of Different Distractions on Remembering Delayed Intentions. 3rd International Conference on Prospective Memory. Vancouver, Canada: 28-30 July 2010, 2010.
  • [ BibTeX ]
  @proceedings{grundgeiger2010effect, address = {Vancouver, Canada: 28-30 July 2010}, author = {Grundgeiger, T.}, booktitle = {3rd International Conference on Prospective Memory}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, title = {The Effect of Different Distractions on Remembering Delayed Intentions}, year = 2010 }
• Grundgeiger, T., P. M. Sanderson, C. Beltran Orihuela, A. Thompson, H.G MacDougall, L. Nunnink, and B. Venkatesh. “Using a Full-Scale Simulation Environment to Investigate How Nurses Remember Future Intentions”. Simulation in Healthcare 5, no. 6 (2010): 366. https://doi.org/10.1097/SIH.0b013e318201cae5.
  • [ BibTeX ]
  • [ DOI ]
  @article{grundgeiger2010using, author = {Grundgeiger, T. and Sanderson, P. M. and Beltran Orihuela, C. and Thompson, A. and MacDougall, H.G and Nunnink, L. and Venkatesh, B.}, booktitle = {Simulation in Healthcare}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, number = 6, pages = 366, title = {Using a Full-Scale Simulation Environment to Investigate How Nurses Remember Future Intentions}, volume = 5, year = 2010 }
• Grundgeiger, T., P. M. Sanderson, C. Beltran Orihuela, A. Thompson, H.G MacDougall, L. Nunnink, and B. Venkatesh. Distractions and Interruptions in the Intensive Care Unit: A Field Observation and a Controlled Simulator Experiment. 54th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. San Francisco, CA: 27-30 October, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1518/107118110X12829369606242.
  • [ BibTeX ]
  • [ DOI ]
  @proceedings{grundgeiger2010distractions, address = {San Francisco, CA: 27-30 October}, author = {Grundgeiger, T. and Sanderson, P. M. and Beltran Orihuela, C. and Thompson, A. and MacDougall, H.G and Nunnink, L. and Venkatesh, B.}, booktitle = {54th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, pages = {835-839}, title = {Distractions and interruptions in the intensive care unit: A field observation and a controlled simulator experiment}, year = 2010 }

• Grundgeiger, Tobias, and Penelope M. Sanderson. “Interruptions in Healthcare: Theoretical Views”. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 5, 78 (2009): 293-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2008.10.001.
  • [ BibTeX ]
  • [ DOI ]
  @article{grundgeiger2009interruptions, author = {Grundgeiger, Tobias and Sanderson, Penelope M.}, booktitle = {International Journal of Medical Informatics}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, pages = {293-307}, series = 5, title = {Interruptions in healthcare: Theoretical views}, volume = 78, year = 2009 }
• Grundgeiger, T., Penelope M. Sanderson, H.G MacDougall, and B. Venkatesh. Distributed Prospective Memory: An Approach to Understanding How Nurses Remember Tasks. 53rd Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. San Antonio, TX: 19-23 October, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1177/154193120905301127.
  • [ BibTeX ]
  • [ DOI ]
  @proceedings{grundgeiger2009distributed, address = {San Antonio, TX: 19-23 October}, author = {Grundgeiger, T. and Sanderson, Penelope M. and MacDougall, H.G and Venkatesh, B.}, booktitle = {53rd Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, pages = {759-763}, title = {Distributed prospective memory: An approach to understanding how nurses remember tasks}, year = 2009 }
• Liu, Dave, Tobias Grundgeiger, Penelope M. Sanderson, Simon Jenkins, and Terry Leane. “Interruptions and Blood Transfusion Checks: Lessons from the Simulated Operating Room”. Anesthesia and Analgesia 108 (2009): 219-22. https://doi.org/10.1213/ane.0b013e31818e841a.
  • [ BibTeX ]
  • [ DOI ]
  @article{liu2009interruptions, author = {Liu, Dave and Grundgeiger, Tobias and Sanderson, Penelope M. and Jenkins, Simon and Leane, Terry}, booktitle = {Anesthesia and Analgesia}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, pages = {219-222}, title = {Interruptions and blood transfusion checks: Lessons from the simulated operating room}, volume = 108, year = 2009 }
• Grundgeiger, T., P. M. Sanderson, H.G MacDougall, and B. Venkatesh. “How Nurses Overcome Interruptions: An Analysis of Distributed Support”. In 17th World Congress on Ergonomics, August 9-14, 2009, Beijing, China.
  • [ BibTeX ]
  @inproceedings{grundgeiger2009nurses, author = {Grundgeiger, T. and Sanderson, P. M. and MacDougall, H.G and Venkatesh, B.}, booktitle = {17th World Congress on Ergonomics, August 9-14, 2009, Beijing, China}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, title = {How nurses overcome interruptions: An analysis of distributed support}, year = 2009 }

• Grundgeiger, T., D. Liu, Penelope M. Sanderson, S. Jenkins, and T. Leane. Effects of Interruptions on Prospective Memory Performance in Anesthesiology. Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/154193120805201209.
  • [ BibTeX ]
  • [ DOI ]
  @proceedings{grundgeiger2008effects, author = {Grundgeiger, T. and Liu, D. and Sanderson, Penelope M. and Jenkins, S. and Leane, T.}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society}, howpublished = {New York, NY}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, pages = {808-812}, title = {Effects of interruptions on prospective memory performance in anesthesiology}, year = 2008 }

• Aslan, A., K. H. Bäuml, and T. Grundgeiger. “The Role of Inhibitory Processes in Part-List Cuing”. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 33, no. 2 (2007): 335-41. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.33.2.335.
  • [ BibTeX ]
  • [ DOI ]
  @article{aslan2007inhibitory, author = {Aslan, A. and Bäuml, K. H. and Grundgeiger, T.}, journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition}, keywords = {grundgeiger}, number = 2, pages = {335-341}, title = {The role of inhibitory processes in part-list cuing}, volume = 33, year = 2007 }