Prof.in Dr. Carolin Wienrich

Prof.in Dr. Carolin Wienrich

Leitung

e-Mail: carolin.wienrich(at)uni-wuerzburg.de
Tel.: +49 931 31 90675

Psychologie Intelligenter Interaktiver Systeme
Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg
Institut für Mensch-Computer-Medien
Am Hubland, Campus Nord
Emil-Fischer-Straße, Geb. 50
97074 Würzburg
Deutschland

CV

2010	Psychology Degree Martin Luther University Halle/Wittenberg
2015	Interdisciplinary PhD TU Berlin \| Faculty of Traffic and Machine Systems
2016 - 2022	JProfessor for Human-Technology Systems JMU Würzburg \| Faculty of Human Sciences
2019 - 2021	Deputy Professorship Computer Vision JMU Würzburg \| Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science
Since 2020	Co-director XR HUB Würzburg
Since 2022	Professor for Psychology of Intelligent Interactive Systems JMU Würzburg \| Faculty of Human Sciences

Wissenschaftskommunikation

Selected Presentations in 2023

2023	Presentation for the Federal Commissioner for Data Protection and Information Security, 11.10.2023 Title: The Metaverse - A look into the future
	Presentation and Panel Discussion at the German Ethics Council, 15.11.2023 Title: Metaverse - Psychological Consequences
	Presentation and Demo with members of the German parliament, 16.06.2023 Title: "Human-Centered AI and GPT in the Metaverse"
	Interview and Demo within the Bavarian AI Conference AI. BAY, 23.02.2023 Title: "There's a lot of future potential in interacting with voice assistants"
	Lecture at the For..Net Symposium, 20.04.2023 Title: "eXtended Reality as Key for Human-AI Interaction"

Preise

2020	Forschungspreis der Fakultät für Humanwissenschaften (JMU Würzburg)
2019	Preis für Gute Lehre Bayern (Freistaat Bayern)
2018	Best Impact Deutsches Institut für Virtual Reality

Publications

2025[ to top ]

Breaking Immersion Barriers: Smartphone Viability in Asymmetric Virtual Collaboration. Merz, Christian; Latoschik, Marc Erich; Wienrich, Carolin. In CHI 25 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Extended Abstracts. 2025.
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As demand grows for cross-device collaboration in virtual environments, users increasingly join shared spaces on varying hardware ranging from head-mounted displays (HMDs) to everyday lower-immersion smartphones. This paper investigates smartphone-based participation compared with fully immersive VR in dyadic asymmetric interaction. One participant joins via an HMD, while the other uses a smartphone. Through a collaborative sorting task, we evaluate self-perception (presence, embodiment), other-perception (co-presence, social presence, avatar plausibility), and task-perception (task load, enjoyment). We compare our results with previous work that examined VR-VR and desktop-VR pairings. The results show that smartphone users report lower self-perception than VR users. However, other-perception remains comparable to immersive setups. Interestingly, smartphone participants experience lower mental demand. It appears that device familiarity and intuitive interfaces can compensate for reduced immersion. Overall, our work highlights the viability of smartphones for asymmetric interaction, offering high accessibility without impairing social interaction.

@inproceedings{merz2025smartphone, abstract = {As demand grows for cross-device collaboration in virtual environments, users increasingly join shared spaces on varying hardware ranging from head-mounted displays (HMDs) to everyday lower-immersion smartphones. This paper investigates smartphone-based participation compared with fully immersive VR in dyadic asymmetric interaction. One participant joins via an HMD, while the other uses a smartphone. Through a collaborative sorting task, we evaluate self-perception (presence, embodiment), other-perception (co-presence, social presence, avatar plausibility), and task-perception (task load, enjoyment). We compare our results with previous work that examined VR-VR and desktop-VR pairings. The results show that smartphone users report lower self-perception than VR users. However, other-perception remains comparable to immersive setups. Interestingly, smartphone participants experience lower mental demand. It appears that device familiarity and intuitive interfaces can compensate for reduced immersion. Overall, our work highlights the viability of smartphones for asymmetric interaction, offering high accessibility without impairing social interaction.}, author = {Merz, Christian and Latoschik, Marc Erich and Wienrich, Carolin}, booktitle = {CHI 25 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Extended Abstracts}, keywords = {merz}, title = {Breaking Immersion Barriers: Smartphone Viability in Asymmetric Virtual Collaboration}, year = 2025 }
Avatars for the masses: smartphone-based reconstruction of humans for virtual reality. Menzel, Timo; Wolf, Erik; Wenninger, Stephan; Spinczyk, Niklas; Holderrieth, Lena; Wienrich, Carolin; Schwanecke, Ulrich; Latoschik, Marc Erich; Botsch, Mario. In Frontiers in Virtual Reality, 6. 2025.
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@article{menzel2025avatars, author = {Menzel, Timo and Wolf, Erik and Wenninger, Stephan and Spinczyk, Niklas and Holderrieth, Lena and Wienrich, Carolin and Schwanecke, Ulrich and Latoschik, Marc Erich and Botsch, Mario}, journal = {Frontiers in Virtual Reality}, keywords = {c.wienrich}, month = {05}, title = {Avatars for the masses: smartphone-based reconstruction of humans for virtual reality}, volume = 6, year = 2025 }
Evaluating VR and AR Mirror Exposure for Anorexia Nervosa Therapy in Adolescents: A Method Proposal for Understanding Stakeholder Perspectives. Fiedler, Marie Luisa; Bürger, Arne; Mittermeier, Sabrina; Botsch, Mario; Latoschik, Marc Erich; Wienrich, Carolin. In 2025 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (IEEE VRW), pp. 965–970. IEEE Computer Science, 2025.
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Body image distortions in anorexia nervosa pose significant therapeutic challenges, requiring innovative interventions. Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) technologies offer promising solutions, yet stakeholder preferences, from therapists and patients, remain unexplored. This methodological proposal outlines focus groups to compare VR and AR mirror exposures using personalized and body-weight-modifiable avatars in anorexia nervosa therapy. Therapists will evaluate therapeutic potential, risks, and practicality, while adolescent patients will assess comfort, stress responses, and usability. The findings aim to advance the user-centered integration of VR and AR into anorexia nervosa therapy, addressing critical treatment gaps.

@inproceedings{fiedler2025evaluating, abstract = {Body image distortions in anorexia nervosa pose significant therapeutic challenges, requiring innovative interventions. Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) technologies offer promising solutions, yet stakeholder preferences, from therapists and patients, remain unexplored. This methodological proposal outlines focus groups to compare VR and AR mirror exposures using personalized and body-weight-modifiable avatars in anorexia nervosa therapy. Therapists will evaluate therapeutic potential, risks, and practicality, while adolescent patients will assess comfort, stress responses, and usability. The findings aim to advance the user-centered integration of VR and AR into anorexia nervosa therapy, addressing critical treatment gaps.}, author = {Fiedler, Marie Luisa and Bürger, Arne and Mittermeier, Sabrina and Botsch, Mario and Latoschik, Marc Erich and Wienrich, Carolin}, booktitle = {2025 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (IEEE VRW)}, keywords = {mfiedler}, month = {03}, pages = {965-970}, publisher = {IEEE Computer Science}, title = {Evaluating VR and AR Mirror Exposure for Anorexia Nervosa Therapy in Adolescents: A Method Proposal for Understanding Stakeholder Perspectives}, year = 2025 }
Interpupillary to Inter-Camera Distance of Video See-Through AR and its Impact on Depth Perception. Westermeier, Franziska; Murmu, Chandni; Kohm, Kristopher; Pagano, Christopher; Wienrich, Carolin; V. Babu, Sabarish; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In Proceedings of the 32nd IEEE Virtual Reality conference (VR ’25), pp. 537–547. 2025.
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Interpupillary distance (IPD) is a crucial characteristic of head-mounted displays (HMDs) because it defines an important property for generating a stereoscopic parallax, which is essential for correct depth perception. This is why contemporary HMDs offer adjustable lenses to adapt to users' individual IPDs. However, today's Video See-Through Augmented Reality (VST AR) HMDs use fixed camera placements to reconstruct the stereoscopic view of a user's environment. This leads to a potential mismatch between individual IPD settings and the fixed Inter-Camera Distances (ICD), which in turn can lead to perceptual incongruencies, limiting the usability and potentially the applicability of VST AR in depth-sensitive use cases. To investigate this incongruency between IPD and ICD, we conducted a 2x3 mixed-factor design empirical evaluation using a near-field, open-loop reaching task comparing distance judgments of Virtual Reality (VR) and VST AR. We also explored improvements in reaching performance via perceptual calibration by incorporating a feedback phase between pre- and post-phase conditions, with a particular focus on the influence of IPD-ICD differences. Our Linear Mixed Model (LMM) analysis showed a significant difference between VR and VST AR, a significant effect of IPD-ICD mismatch, as well as a combined effect of both factors. This novel insight and its consequences are discussed specifically for depth perception tasks in AR, eXtended Reality (XR), and potential use cases.

@inproceedings{westermeier2025interpupillary, abstract = {Interpupillary distance (IPD) is a crucial characteristic of head-mounted displays (HMDs) because it defines an important property for generating a stereoscopic parallax, which is essential for correct depth perception. This is why contemporary HMDs offer adjustable lenses to adapt to users' individual IPDs. However, today's Video See-Through Augmented Reality (VST AR) HMDs use fixed camera placements to reconstruct the stereoscopic view of a user's environment. This leads to a potential mismatch between individual IPD settings and the fixed Inter-Camera Distances (ICD), which in turn can lead to perceptual incongruencies, limiting the usability and potentially the applicability of VST AR in depth-sensitive use cases. To investigate this incongruency between IPD and ICD, we conducted a 2x3 mixed-factor design empirical evaluation using a near-field, open-loop reaching task comparing distance judgments of Virtual Reality (VR) and VST AR. We also explored improvements in reaching performance via perceptual calibration by incorporating a feedback phase between pre- and post-phase conditions, with a particular focus on the influence of IPD-ICD differences. Our Linear Mixed Model (LMM) analysis showed a significant difference between VR and VST AR, a significant effect of IPD-ICD mismatch, as well as a combined effect of both factors. This novel insight and its consequences are discussed specifically for depth perception tasks in AR, eXtended Reality (XR), and potential use cases.}, author = {Westermeier, Franziska and Murmu, Chandni and Kohm, Kristopher and Pagano, Christopher and Wienrich, Carolin and V. Babu, Sabarish and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 32nd IEEE Virtual Reality conference (VR '25)}, keywords = {xrhub}, month = {03}, pages = {537-547}, title = {Interpupillary to Inter-Camera Distance of Video See-Through AR and its Impact on Depth Perception}, year = 2025 }
Towards Understanding Harassment in Social Virtual Reality: A Study Design on the Impact of Avatar Self-Similarity. Tschanter, Jonathan; Merz, Christian; Wienrich, Carolin; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In 2025 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (IEEE VRW). IEEE Computer Science, 2025.
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In social virtual reality (VR), harassment persists as a pervasive and critical issue. Prior work emphasizes its perceived realness and emotional impact. However, the influence of avatar design, particularly the role of self-similarity, remains underexplored. Self-similar avatars can enhance user identification and engagement, yet potentially intensify the psychological and physiological effects of harassment. Existing studies often rely on interviews or user-generated content, lacking systematic analysis and controlled comparisons. To address these gaps, we present a process for creating realistic VR harassment scenarios. We built a scenario based on existing literature and validated it with expert reviews and user feedback. We propose a 2 x 2 between-subjects design to systematically examine users' emotional and physiological states, their identification with avatars, and the effects of avatar self-similarity. The study design will deepen the understanding of harassment dynamics in VR. Additionally, it can provide actionable insights for designing safer, more inclusive virtual environments that promote user well-being and foster equitable communities.

@inproceedings{tschanter2025harassment, abstract = {In social virtual reality (VR), harassment persists as a pervasive and critical issue. Prior work emphasizes its perceived realness and emotional impact. However, the influence of avatar design, particularly the role of self-similarity, remains underexplored. Self-similar avatars can enhance user identification and engagement, yet potentially intensify the psychological and physiological effects of harassment. Existing studies often rely on interviews or user-generated content, lacking systematic analysis and controlled comparisons. To address these gaps, we present a process for creating realistic VR harassment scenarios. We built a scenario based on existing literature and validated it with expert reviews and user feedback. We propose a 2 x 2 between-subjects design to systematically examine users' emotional and physiological states, their identification with avatars, and the effects of avatar self-similarity. The study design will deepen the understanding of harassment dynamics in VR. Additionally, it can provide actionable insights for designing safer, more inclusive virtual environments that promote user well-being and foster equitable communities.}, author = {Tschanter, Jonathan and Merz, Christian and Wienrich, Carolin and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, booktitle = {2025 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (IEEE VRW)}, keywords = {merz}, month = {03}, note = {IDEATExR Best Paper 🏆}, publisher = {IEEE Computer Science}, title = {Towards Understanding Harassment in Social Virtual Reality: A Study Design on the Impact of Avatar Self-Similarity}, year = 2025 }
Do You Feel Better? The Impact of Embodying Photorealistic Avatars with Ideal Body Weight on Attractiveness and Self-Esteem in Virtual Reality. Holderrieth, Lena; Wolf, Erik; Fiedler, Marie Luisa; Botsch, Mario; Latoschik, Marc Erich; Wienrich, Carolin. In 2025 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (IEEE VRW), pp. 1404–1405. IEEE Computer Science, 2025.
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Body weight issues can manifest in low self-esteem through a negative body image or the feeling of unattractiveness. To explore potential interventions, the pilot study examined whether embodying a photorealistically personalized avatar with enhanced attractiveness affects self-esteem. Participants in the manipulation group adjusted their avatar's body weight to their self-defined ideal, while a control group used unmodified avatars. To confirm the manipulation, we measured the perceived avatars' attractiveness. Results showed that participants found avatars at their ideal weight significantly more attractive, confirming an effective manipulation. Further, the ideal weight group showed a clear trend towards higher self-esteem post-exposure.

@inproceedings{holderrieth2025better, abstract = {Body weight issues can manifest in low self-esteem through a negative body image or the feeling of unattractiveness. To explore potential interventions, the pilot study examined whether embodying a photorealistically personalized avatar with enhanced attractiveness affects self-esteem. Participants in the manipulation group adjusted their avatar's body weight to their self-defined ideal, while a control group used unmodified avatars. To confirm the manipulation, we measured the perceived avatars' attractiveness. Results showed that participants found avatars at their ideal weight significantly more attractive, confirming an effective manipulation. Further, the ideal weight group showed a clear trend towards higher self-esteem post-exposure.}, author = {Holderrieth, Lena and Wolf, Erik and Fiedler, Marie Luisa and Botsch, Mario and Latoschik, Marc Erich and Wienrich, Carolin}, booktitle = {2025 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (IEEE VRW)}, keywords = {mfiedler}, month = {03}, note = {Best Poster 🏆}, pages = {1404-1405}, publisher = {IEEE Computer Science}, title = {Do You Feel Better? The Impact of Embodying Photorealistic Avatars with Ideal Body Weight on Attractiveness and Self-Esteem in Virtual Reality}, year = 2025 }
When Fear Overshadows Perceived Plausibility: The Influence of Incongruencies on Acrophobia in VR. Brübach, Larissa; Celikhan, Deniz; Rüffert, Lennard; Westermeier, Franziska; Latoschik, Marc Erich; Wienrich, Carolin. In . IEEE Computer Science, 2025.
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Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET) has become an effective, customizable, and affordable treatment for various psychological and physiological disorders. Specifically, it is used to treat specific anxiety disorders, such as acrophobia or arachnophobia, for decades. However, to ensure a positive outcome for patients, we must understand and control the effects potentially caused by the technology and medium of Virtual Reality (VR) itself. This article specifically investigates the impact of the Plausibility illusion (Psi), as one of the two theorized presence components, on the fear of heights. In two experiments, 30 participants each experienced two different heights with congruent and incongruent object behaviors in a 2 x 2 within-subject design. Results show that the strength of the congruence manipulation plays a significant role. Only when incongruencies are strong enough will they be recognized by users, specifically in high fear conditions, as triggered by exposure to increased heights. If incongruencies are too subtle, they seem to be overshadowed by the stronger fear reactions. Our evidence contributes to recent theories of VR effects and emphasizes the importance of understanding and controlling factors potentially assumed to be incidental, specifically during VRET designs. Incongruencies should be controlled so that they do not have an unwanted influence on the patient's fear response.

@proceedings{brubach2025overshadows, abstract = {Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET) has become an effective, customizable, and affordable treatment for various psychological and physiological disorders. Specifically, it is used to treat specific anxiety disorders, such as acrophobia or arachnophobia, for decades. However, to ensure a positive outcome for patients, we must understand and control the effects potentially caused by the technology and medium of Virtual Reality (VR) itself. This article specifically investigates the impact of the Plausibility illusion (Psi), as one of the two theorized presence components, on the fear of heights. In two experiments, 30 participants each experienced two different heights with congruent and incongruent object behaviors in a 2 x 2 within-subject design. Results show that the strength of the congruence manipulation plays a significant role. Only when incongruencies are strong enough will they be recognized by users, specifically in high fear conditions, as triggered by exposure to increased heights. If incongruencies are too subtle, they seem to be overshadowed by the stronger fear reactions. Our evidence contributes to recent theories of VR effects and emphasizes the importance of understanding and controlling factors potentially assumed to be incidental, specifically during VRET designs. Incongruencies should be controlled so that they do not have an unwanted influence on the patient's fear response.}, author = {Brübach, Larissa and Celikhan, Deniz and Rüffert, Lennard and Westermeier, Franziska and Latoschik, Marc Erich and Wienrich, Carolin}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 32nd IEEE Virtual Reality conference (VR '25)}, keywords = {xrhub}, month = {03}, publisher = {IEEE Computer Science}, title = {When Fear Overshadows Perceived Plausibility: The Influence of Incongruencies on Acrophobia in VR}, year = 2025 }
Does Task Matter? Task-Dependent Effects of Cross-Device Collaboration on Social Presence. Merz, Christian; Wienrich, Carolin; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In 2025 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (IEEE VRW). IEEE Computer Science, 2025.
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In this work, we explored asymmetric collaboration under two distinct tasks: collaborative sorting and conversational talking tasks. We answer the research question of how different tasks impact the user experience in asymmetric interaction. Our mixed design compared one symmetric and one asymmetric interaction and two tasks, assessing self-perception (presence, embodiment), other-perception (co-presence, social presence, plausibility), and task perception (task load, enjoyment). 52 participants collaborated in dyads on the two tasks, either using head-mounted displays (HMDs) or one participant using an HMD and the other a desktop setup. Results indicate that differences in social presence diminished or disappeared during the purely conversational talking task in comparison to the sorting task. This indicates that differences in how we perceive a social interaction, which is caused by asymmetric interaction, only occur during specific use cases. These findings underscore the critical role of task characteristics in shaping users’ social XR experiences and highlight that asymmetric collaboration can be effective across different use cases and is even on par with symmetric interaction during conversations.

@inproceedings{merz2025taskasymmetry, abstract = {In this work, we explored asymmetric collaboration under two distinct tasks: collaborative sorting and conversational talking tasks. We answer the research question of how different tasks impact the user experience in asymmetric interaction. Our mixed design compared one symmetric and one asymmetric interaction and two tasks, assessing self-perception (presence, embodiment), other-perception (co-presence, social presence, plausibility), and task perception (task load, enjoyment). 52 participants collaborated in dyads on the two tasks, either using head-mounted displays (HMDs) or one participant using an HMD and the other a desktop setup. Results indicate that differences in social presence diminished or disappeared during the purely conversational talking task in comparison to the sorting task. This indicates that differences in how we perceive a social interaction, which is caused by asymmetric interaction, only occur during specific use cases. These findings underscore the critical role of task characteristics in shaping users’ social XR experiences and highlight that asymmetric collaboration can be effective across different use cases and is even on par with symmetric interaction during conversations.}, author = {Merz, Christian and Wienrich, Carolin and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, booktitle = {2025 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (IEEE VRW)}, keywords = {merz}, month = {03}, publisher = {IEEE Computer Science}, title = {Does Task Matter? Task-Dependent Effects of Cross-Device Collaboration on Social Presence}, year = 2025 }
The Impact of AI-Based Real-Time Gesture Generation and Immersion on the Perception of Others and Interaction Quality in Social XR. Merz, Christian; Krome, Niklas; Wienrich, Carolin; Kopp, Stefan; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics. 2025.
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This study explores how people interact in dyadic social eXtended Reality (XR), focusing on two main factors: the animation type of a conversation partner’s avatar and how immersed the user feels in the virtual environment. Specifically, we investigate how 1) idle behavior, 2) AI-generated gestures, and 3) motion-captured movements from a confederate (a controlled partner in the study) influence the quality of conversation and how that partner is perceived. We examined these effects in both symmetric interactions (where both participants use VR headsets and controllers) and asymmetric interactions (where one participant uses a desktop setup). We developed a social XR platform that supports asymmetric device configurations to provide varying levels of immersion. The platform also supports a modular avatar animation system providing idle behavior, real-time AI-generated co-speech gestures, and full-body motion capture. Using a 2×3 mixed design with 39 participants, we measured users’ sense of spatial presence, their perception of the confederate, and the overall conversation quality. Our results show that users who were more immersed felt a stronger sense of presence and viewed their partner as more human-like and believable. Surprisingly, however, the type of avatar animation did not significantly affect conversation quality or how the partner was perceived. Participants often reported focusing more on what was said rather than how the avatar moved.

@article{merz2025impact, abstract = {This study explores how people interact in dyadic social eXtended Reality (XR), focusing on two main factors: the animation type of a conversation partner’s avatar and how immersed the user feels in the virtual environment. Specifically, we investigate how 1) idle behavior, 2) AI-generated gestures, and 3) motion-captured movements from a confederate (a controlled partner in the study) influence the quality of conversation and how that partner is perceived. We examined these effects in both symmetric interactions (where both participants use VR headsets and controllers) and asymmetric interactions (where one participant uses a desktop setup). We developed a social XR platform that supports asymmetric device configurations to provide varying levels of immersion. The platform also supports a modular avatar animation system providing idle behavior, real-time AI-generated co-speech gestures, and full-body motion capture. Using a 2×3 mixed design with 39 participants, we measured users’ sense of spatial presence, their perception of the confederate, and the overall conversation quality. Our results show that users who were more immersed felt a stronger sense of presence and viewed their partner as more human-like and believable. Surprisingly, however, the type of avatar animation did not significantly affect conversation quality or how the partner was perceived. Participants often reported focusing more on what was said rather than how the avatar moved.}, author = {Merz, Christian and Krome, Niklas and Wienrich, Carolin and Kopp, Stefan and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics}, keywords = {merz}, note = {IEEE ISMAR Best Paper Award Honorable Mention 🏆}, title = {The Impact of AI-Based Real-Time Gesture Generation and Immersion on the Perception of Others and Interaction Quality in Social XR}, year = 2025 }
Owning the (Virtual) World: A Systematic Review of Psychological Ownership of Interactive Virtual Objects and Environments. Krauss, Jana; Wienrich, Carolin. In Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, of CHI ’25, pp. 1–16. ACM, 2025.
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@inproceedings{Krauss_2025, author = {Krauss, Jana and Wienrich, Carolin}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2025 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, keywords = {jkrauss}, month = {04}, pages = {1–16}, publisher = {ACM}, series = {CHI ’25}, title = {Owning the (Virtual) World: A Systematic Review of Psychological Ownership of Interactive Virtual Objects and Environments}, year = 2025 }
Virtual body image exercises for people with obesity -- results on eating behavior and body perception of the ViTraS pilot study. Gemesi, Kathrin; D{\"o}llinger, Nina; Weinberger, Natascha-Alexandra; Wolf, Erik; Mal, David; Keppler, Sebastian; Wenninger, Stephan; Bader, Emily; Wienrich, Carolin; Luck-Sikorski, Claudia; Latoschik, Marc Erich; Israel, Johann Habakuk; Botsch, Mario; Holzapfel, Christina. In BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 25(1), p. 176. 2025.
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A negative body image can have an impact on developing and maintaining obesity. Using virtual reality (VR) to conduct cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an innovative approach to treat people with obesity. This multicenter non-randomized pilot study examined the feasibility and the effect on eating behavior and body perception of a newly developed VR system to conduct body image exercises.

@article{Gemesi2025, abstract = {A negative body image can have an impact on developing and maintaining obesity. Using virtual reality (VR) to conduct cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an innovative approach to treat people with obesity. This multicenter non-randomized pilot study examined the feasibility and the effect on eating behavior and body perception of a newly developed VR system to conduct body image exercises.}, author = {Gemesi, Kathrin and D{\"o}llinger, Nina and Weinberger, Natascha-Alexandra and Wolf, Erik and Mal, David and Keppler, Sebastian and Wenninger, Stephan and Bader, Emily and Wienrich, Carolin and Luck-Sikorski, Claudia and Latoschik, Marc Erich and Israel, Johann Habakuk and Botsch, Mario and Holzapfel, Christina}, journal = {BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making}, keywords = {c.wienrich}, month = {04}, number = 1, pages = 176, title = {Virtual body image exercises for people with obesity – results on eating behavior and body perception of the ViTraS pilot study}, volume = 25, year = 2025 }
The impact of algorithm awareness training on competent interaction with intelligent voice assistants. Markus, Andr{\’e}; Baumann, Maximilian; Pfister, Jan; Hotho, Andreas; Carolus, Astrid; Wienrich, Carolin. In Discover Education, 4(1), p. 125. 2025.
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Intelligent Voice Assistants (IVAs) have become integral to many users' daily lives, using advanced algorithms to automate various tasks. Nevertheless, many users do not understand the underlying algorithms and how they work, posing potential risks to the competent and self-determined use of IVAs. This work develops three online training modules to promote algorithm awareness, providing (1) basic knowledge of algorithms, (2) risks posed by algorithms in IVAs, and (3) scientific evidence on algorithm aversion. A total of 110 participants were studied to analyze the training effects on various perception levels relevant to IVAs, including usage perception (attitude, exploration), privacy aspects (trustworthiness, privacy control), persuasion aspects (persuasion knowledge, anthropomorphic perception), and self-determined interaction variables (reflection, indulgence). The results show that the modules increase awareness of IVA algorithms, influence user perceptions (e.g., higher exploration intentions), and promote critical engagement with IVAs (e.g., lower trustworthiness). Moreover, the modules contribute to a higher sense of privacy control, reduce persuasive perceptions of IVAs (e.g., anthropomorphic perception), and promote self-determined interaction (e.g., higher indulgent use). The modules offer a new approach to promoting the competent use of IVAs in society and provide a starting point for further research and educational institutions to increase algorithm awareness for IVAs and other AI-based systems.

@article{Markus2025, abstract = {Intelligent Voice Assistants (IVAs) have become integral to many users' daily lives, using advanced algorithms to automate various tasks. Nevertheless, many users do not understand the underlying algorithms and how they work, posing potential risks to the competent and self-determined use of IVAs. This work develops three online training modules to promote algorithm awareness, providing (1) basic knowledge of algorithms, (2) risks posed by algorithms in IVAs, and (3) scientific evidence on algorithm aversion. A total of 110 participants were studied to analyze the training effects on various perception levels relevant to IVAs, including usage perception (attitude, exploration), privacy aspects (trustworthiness, privacy control), persuasion aspects (persuasion knowledge, anthropomorphic perception), and self-determined interaction variables (reflection, indulgence). The results show that the modules increase awareness of IVA algorithms, influence user perceptions (e.g., higher exploration intentions), and promote critical engagement with IVAs (e.g., lower trustworthiness). Moreover, the modules contribute to a higher sense of privacy control, reduce persuasive perceptions of IVAs (e.g., anthropomorphic perception), and promote self-determined interaction (e.g., higher indulgent use). The modules offer a new approach to promoting the competent use of IVAs in society and provide a starting point for further research and educational institutions to increase algorithm awareness for IVAs and other AI-based systems.}, author = {Markus, Andr{\'e} and Baumann, Maximilian and Pfister, Jan and Hotho, Andreas and Carolus, Astrid and Wienrich, Carolin}, journal = {Discover Education}, keywords = {c.wienrich}, month = {05}, number = 1, pages = 125, title = {The impact of algorithm awareness training on competent interaction with intelligent voice assistants}, volume = 4, year = 2025 }
Owning the (Virtual) World: A Systematic Review of Psychological Ownership of Interactive Virtual Objects and Environments. Krauss, Jana; Wienrich, Carolin. In CHI 2025: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–16. ACM, 2025.
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In this systematic review, we analyze the literature on psychological ownership of virtual objects and environments according to the PRISMA statement. Psychological ownership describes the feelings of possession towards an object which are independent of legal possession. The construct stems from organizational management literature, but is gaining in importance in Human-ComputerInteraction as users invest billions to own virtual objects. The analysis of 21 research papers reveals how and why ownership emerges and presents the dimensions and consequences of such feelings. In addition, we relate these variables to the classic psychological ownership motives of self-efficacy, self-identity, and belonging, as well as the routes of control, identity transfer, and intimate knowledge. We outline why designers should pay attention to the phenomenon and how it can be utilized in different contexts. Finally, the paper concludes by outlining why and what research will be needed in the future.

@inproceedings{krauss2025owning, abstract = {In this systematic review, we analyze the literature on psychological ownership of virtual objects and environments according to the PRISMA statement. Psychological ownership describes the feelings of possession towards an object which are independent of legal possession. The construct stems from organizational management literature, but is gaining in importance in Human-ComputerInteraction as users invest billions to own virtual objects. The analysis of 21 research papers reveals how and why ownership emerges and presents the dimensions and consequences of such feelings. In addition, we relate these variables to the classic psychological ownership motives of self-efficacy, self-identity, and belonging, as well as the routes of control, identity transfer, and intimate knowledge. We outline why designers should pay attention to the phenomenon and how it can be utilized in different contexts. Finally, the paper concludes by outlining why and what research will be needed in the future.}, author = {Krauss, Jana and Wienrich, Carolin}, booktitle = {CHI 2025: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, keywords = {jkrauss}, pages = {1–16}, publisher = {ACM}, title = {Owning the (Virtual) World: A Systematic Review of Psychological Ownership of Interactive Virtual Objects and Environments}, year = 2025 }
Safer interaction with IVAs: The impact of privacy literacy training on competent use of intelligent voice assistants. Markus, A.; Baumann, M.; Pfister, J.; Carolus, A.; Hotho, A.; Wienrich, C. In Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 8(100372). 2025.
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ DOI ]
@article{markus2025safer, author = {Markus, A. and Baumann, M. and Pfister, J. and Carolus, A. and Hotho, A. and Wienrich, C.}, journal = {Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence}, keywords = {aiatwork}, number = 100372, title = {Safer interaction with IVAs: The impact of privacy literacy training on competent use of intelligent voice assistants}, volume = 8, year = 2025 }
My Co-worker ChatGPT: Development of an XR Application for Embodied Artificial Intelligence in Work Environments. Krop, Philipp; Obremski, David; Carolus, Astrid; Latoschik, Marc Erich; Wienrich, Carolin. In 2025 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (IEEE VRW). IEEE Computer Science, 2025.
- [ Abstract ]
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ URL ]
- [ DOI ]
With recent developments in spatial computing, work contexts might shift to augmented reality. Embodied AI - virtual conversa- tional agents backed by AI systems - have the potential to enhance these contexts and open up more communication channels than just text. To support knowledge transfer from virtual agent research to the general populace, we developed My CoWorker ChatGPT - an interactive demo where employees can try out various embodied AIs in a virtual office or their own using augmented reality. We use state-of-the-art speech synthesis and body-scanning technology to create believable and trustworthy AI assistants. The demo was shown at multiple events throughout Germany, where it was well received and sparked fruitful conversations about the possibilities of embodied AI in work contexts.

@inproceedings{krop2025coworker, abstract = {With recent developments in spatial computing, work contexts might shift to augmented reality. Embodied AI - virtual conversa- tional agents backed by AI systems - have the potential to enhance these contexts and open up more communication channels than just text. To support knowledge transfer from virtual agent research to the general populace, we developed My CoWorker ChatGPT - an interactive demo where employees can try out various embodied AIs in a virtual office or their own using augmented reality. We use state-of-the-art speech synthesis and body-scanning technology to create believable and trustworthy AI assistants. The demo was shown at multiple events throughout Germany, where it was well received and sparked fruitful conversations about the possibilities of embodied AI in work contexts.}, author = {Krop, Philipp and Obremski, David and Carolus, Astrid and Latoschik, Marc Erich and Wienrich, Carolin}, booktitle = {2025 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (IEEE VRW)}, keywords = {aiatwork}, month = {03}, publisher = {IEEE Computer Science}, title = {My Co-worker ChatGPT: Development of an XR Application for Embodied Artificial Intelligence in Work Environments}, year = 2025 }
Unobtrusive In-Situ Measurement of Behavior Change by Deep Metric Similarity Learning of Motion Patterns. Merz, Christian; Schach, Lukas; Fiedler, Marie Luisa; Lugrin, Jean-Luc; Wienrich, Carolin; Latoschik, Marc Erich. 2025.
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ URL ]
@misc{merz2025unobtrusiveinsitumeasurementbehavior, author = {Merz, Christian and Schach, Lukas and Fiedler, Marie Luisa and Lugrin, Jean-Luc and Wienrich, Carolin and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, keywords = {mfiedler}, title = {Unobtrusive In-Situ Measurement of Behavior Change by Deep Metric Similarity Learning of Motion Patterns}, year = 2025 }
Owning the (Virtual) World: A Systematic Review of Psychological Ownership of Interactive Virtual Objects and Environments. Krauss, Jana; Wienrich, Carolin. In CHI 2025: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–16. ACM, 2025.
- [ Abstract ]
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ URL ]
- [ DOI ]
In this systematic review, we analyze the literature on psychological ownership of virtual objects and environments according to the PRISMA statement. Psychological ownership describes the feelings of possession towards an object which are independent of legal possession. The construct stems from organizational management literature, but is gaining in importance in Human-ComputerInteraction as users invest billions to own virtual objects. The analysis of 21 research papers reveals how and why ownership emerges and presents the dimensions and consequences of such feelings. In addition, we relate these variables to the classic psychological ownership motives of self-efficacy, self-identity, and belonging, as well as the routes of control, identity transfer, and intimate knowledge. We outline why designers should pay attention to the phenomenon and how it can be utilized in different contexts. Finally, the paper concludes by outlining why and what research will be needed in the future.

@inproceedings{krauss2025owning, abstract = {In this systematic review, we analyze the literature on psychological ownership of virtual objects and environments according to the PRISMA statement. Psychological ownership describes the feelings of possession towards an object which are independent of legal possession. The construct stems from organizational management literature, but is gaining in importance in Human-ComputerInteraction as users invest billions to own virtual objects. The analysis of 21 research papers reveals how and why ownership emerges and presents the dimensions and consequences of such feelings. In addition, we relate these variables to the classic psychological ownership motives of self-efficacy, self-identity, and belonging, as well as the routes of control, identity transfer, and intimate knowledge. We outline why designers should pay attention to the phenomenon and how it can be utilized in different contexts. Finally, the paper concludes by outlining why and what research will be needed in the future.}, author = {Krauss, Jana and Wienrich, Carolin}, booktitle = {CHI 2025: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, keywords = {jkrauss}, pages = {1–16}, publisher = {ACM}, title = {Owning the (Virtual) World: A Systematic Review of Psychological Ownership of Interactive Virtual Objects and Environments}, year = 2025 }
Objective Measurement of AI Literacy: Development and Validation of the AI Competency Objective Scale (AICOS). Markus, André; Carolus, Astrid; Wienrich, Carolin. 2025.
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ URL ]
@misc{markus2025objectivemeasurementailiteracy, author = {Markus, André and Carolus, Astrid and Wienrich, Carolin}, keywords = {c.wienrich}, title = {Objective Measurement of AI Literacy: Development and Validation of the AI Competency Objective Scale (AICOS)}, year = 2025 }
Self-Similarity Beats Motor Control in Augmented Reality Body Weight Perception. Fiedler, Marie Luisa; Botsch, Mario; Wienrich, Carolin; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 31(5). 2025.
- [ Abstract ]
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ URL ]
- [ DOI ]
This paper investigates if and how self-similarity and having motor control impact sense of embodiment, self-identification, and body weight perception in Augmented Reality (AR). We conducted a 2x2 mixed design experiment involving 60 participants who interacted with either synchronously moving virtual humans or independently moving ones, each with self-similar or generic appearances, across two consecutive AR sessions. Participants evaluated their sense of embodiment, self-identification, and body weight perception of the virtual human. Our results show that self-similarity significantly enhanced sense of embodiment, self-identification, and the accuracy of body weight estimates with the virtual human. However, the effects of having motor control over the virtual human movements were notably weaker in these measures than in similar VR studies. Further analysis indicated that not only the virtual human itself but also the participants' body weight, self-esteem, and body shape concerns predict body weight estimates across all conditions. Our work advances the understanding of virtual human body weight perception in AR systems, emphasizing the importance of factors such as coherence with the real-world environment.

@article{fiedler2025selfsimilarity, abstract = {This paper investigates if and how self-similarity and having motor control impact sense of embodiment, self-identification, and body weight perception in Augmented Reality (AR). We conducted a 2x2 mixed design experiment involving 60 participants who interacted with either synchronously moving virtual humans or independently moving ones, each with self-similar or generic appearances, across two consecutive AR sessions. Participants evaluated their sense of embodiment, self-identification, and body weight perception of the virtual human. Our results show that self-similarity significantly enhanced sense of embodiment, self-identification, and the accuracy of body weight estimates with the virtual human. However, the effects of having motor control over the virtual human movements were notably weaker in these measures than in similar VR studies. Further analysis indicated that not only the virtual human itself but also the participants' body weight, self-esteem, and body shape concerns predict body weight estimates across all conditions. Our work advances the understanding of virtual human body weight perception in AR systems, emphasizing the importance of factors such as coherence with the real-world environment.}, author = {Fiedler, Marie Luisa and Botsch, Mario and Wienrich, Carolin and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics}, keywords = {mfiedler}, note = {Honorable Mention 🏆}, number = 5, title = {Self-Similarity Beats Motor Control in Augmented Reality Body Weight Perception}, volume = 31, year = 2025 }
Master your practice! A quantitative analysis of Device and system handling training to enable competent interactions with intelligent voice assistants. Maximilian, B.; Markus, A.; Pfister, J.; Carolus, A.; Hotho, A.; Wienrich, C. In Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 17, p. 100610. 2025.
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ DOI ]
@article{maximilian2025master, author = {Maximilian, B. and Markus, A. and Pfister, J. and Carolus, A. and Hotho, A. and Wienrich, C.}, journal = {Computers in Human Behavior Reports}, keywords = {aiatwork}, pages = 100610, title = {Master your practice! A quantitative analysis of Device and system handling training to enable competent interactions with intelligent voice assistants}, volume = 17, year = 2025 }
aVeRsive tension: A new virtual reality paradigm to assess emotional arousal in adolescent and young adult patients with symptoms of borderline personality disorder. Mittermeier, Sabrina; Gregorova, Klara; Goettfert, Christopher; Merz, Christian; Weiß, Martin; Krauss, Jana; Franke, Sarah; Reiter, Andrea; Wienrich, Carolin; Buerger, Arne. In International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 25(2), p. 100583. 2025.
- [ Abstract ]
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ DOI ]
Background High emotional arousal (EA) is a core feature of borderline personality disorder (BPD). While virtual reality (VR) has shown promise in treating emotion-based disorders, research on VR applications for BPD remains limited, especially in adolescence. This study aimed to validate a novel VR-based aVeRsive tension paradigm for assessing EA in adolescents and young adults with BPD symptoms. Methods In a multimodal study, we investigated the validity of aVeRsive tension: We surveyed 62 patients with BPD symptoms and 62 healthy controls (HC) aged 13–25 years who completed two VR sessions (stress/control condition). Each session included an adapted Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) followed by a cyberball paradigm. Subjective EA ratings and physiological measurements were taken during the sessions. Results The BPD group showed significantly higher EA levels compared to HC across both conditions. While both groups exhibited peak EA after TSST, HC demonstrated EA reduction during Cyberball in both conditions. The BPD group maintained elevated EA levels in the stress condition. Physiological data partially supported these findings, with the BPD group showing higher heart rates, particularly during Cyberball in the stress condition. Discussion The aVeRsive tension paradigm successfully discriminated between BPD and HC groups, capturing both subjective and physiological responses. The sustained EA in the BPD group during stress conditions aligns with characteristic emotion dysregulation patterns. While task-specific effects were observed, with TSST eliciting stronger responses than Cyberball, the paradigm effectively simulated real-life stressors in a controlled VR environment. Conclusion This study validates the aVeRsive tension protocol as a promising tool for assessing EA in adolescents and young adults with BPD symptoms. The VR-based approach offers advantages in experimental control and ecological validity, showing potential for both diagnostic assessment and therapeutic intervention in clinical settings.

@article{mittermeier2025aversive, abstract = {Background High emotional arousal (EA) is a core feature of borderline personality disorder (BPD). While virtual reality (VR) has shown promise in treating emotion-based disorders, research on VR applications for BPD remains limited, especially in adolescence. This study aimed to validate a novel VR-based aVeRsive tension paradigm for assessing EA in adolescents and young adults with BPD symptoms. Methods In a multimodal study, we investigated the validity of aVeRsive tension: We surveyed 62 patients with BPD symptoms and 62 healthy controls (HC) aged 13–25 years who completed two VR sessions (stress/control condition). Each session included an adapted Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) followed by a cyberball paradigm. Subjective EA ratings and physiological measurements were taken during the sessions. Results The BPD group showed significantly higher EA levels compared to HC across both conditions. While both groups exhibited peak EA after TSST, HC demonstrated EA reduction during Cyberball in both conditions. The BPD group maintained elevated EA levels in the stress condition. Physiological data partially supported these findings, with the BPD group showing higher heart rates, particularly during Cyberball in the stress condition. Discussion The aVeRsive tension paradigm successfully discriminated between BPD and HC groups, capturing both subjective and physiological responses. The sustained EA in the BPD group during stress conditions aligns with characteristic emotion dysregulation patterns. While task-specific effects were observed, with TSST eliciting stronger responses than Cyberball, the paradigm effectively simulated real-life stressors in a controlled VR environment. Conclusion This study validates the aVeRsive tension protocol as a promising tool for assessing EA in adolescents and young adults with BPD symptoms. The VR-based approach offers advantages in experimental control and ecological validity, showing potential for both diagnostic assessment and therapeutic intervention in clinical settings.}, author = {Mittermeier, Sabrina and Gregorova, Klara and Goettfert, Christopher and Merz, Christian and Weiß, Martin and Krauss, Jana and Franke, Sarah and Reiter, Andrea and Wienrich, Carolin and Buerger, Arne}, journal = {International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology}, keywords = {merz}, number = 2, pages = 100583, title = {aVeRsive tension: A new virtual reality paradigm to assess emotional arousal in adolescent and young adult patients with symptoms of borderline personality disorder}, volume = 25, year = 2025 }
Immersion, Attention, and Collaboration in Spatial Computing: a Study on Work Performance with Apple Vision Pro. Wienrich, Carolin; Obremski, David. In IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 31(5), pp. 2995–3002. 2025.
- [ Abstract ]
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ DOI ]
Spatial computing is set to change the way we work. It will enable both focused work through a higher degree of immersion and collaborative work through enhanced integration of shared interaction spaces or interaction partners. With the Apple Vision Pro, the level of immersion can be adjusted seamlessly. So far, there have been no systematic studies on how this adjustability affects work performance when working alone or together. The present empirical study fills this research gap by varying the level of immersion across three stages (high, medium, low) while solving various tasks with the Apple Vision Pro. The results show that selective attention improves significantly with increasing immersion levels. In contrast, social presence decreases with increasing immersion. In general, participants performed better in the individual task than in the collaborative task. However, the degree of immersion did not influence the collaborative performance. In addition, we could not determine any adverse effects on depth perception or user experience after use. The present study provides initial contributions to the future of spatial computing in professional settings and highlights the importance of balancing immersion and social interaction in a world where digital and physical spaces seamlessly coexist

@article{10917012, abstract = {Spatial computing is set to change the way we work. It will enable both focused work through a higher degree of immersion and collaborative work through enhanced integration of shared interaction spaces or interaction partners. With the Apple Vision Pro, the level of immersion can be adjusted seamlessly. So far, there have been no systematic studies on how this adjustability affects work performance when working alone or together. The present empirical study fills this research gap by varying the level of immersion across three stages (high, medium, low) while solving various tasks with the Apple Vision Pro. The results show that selective attention improves significantly with increasing immersion levels. In contrast, social presence decreases with increasing immersion. In general, participants performed better in the individual task than in the collaborative task. However, the degree of immersion did not influence the collaborative performance. In addition, we could not determine any adverse effects on depth perception or user experience after use. The present study provides initial contributions to the future of spatial computing in professional settings and highlights the importance of balancing immersion and social interaction in a world where digital and physical spaces seamlessly coexist}, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Obremski, David}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics}, keywords = {ieeevr25}, number = 5, pages = {2995-3002}, title = {Immersion, Attention, and Collaboration in Spatial Computing: a Study on Work Performance with Apple Vision Pro}, volume = 31, year = 2025 }

2024[ to top ]

Am I the odd one? Exploring (in)congruencies in the realism of avatars and virtual others in virtual reality. Mal, David; Döllinger, Nina; Wolf, Erik; Wenninger, Stephan; Botsch, Mario; Wienrich, Carolin; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In Frontiers in Virtual Reality, 5. 2024.
- [ Abstract ]
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- [ URL ]
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Virtual humans play a pivotal role in social virtual environments, shaping users’ VR experiences. The diversity in available options and users’ individual preferences can result in a heterogeneous mix of appearances among a group of virtual humans. The resulting variety in higher-order anthropomorphic and realistic cues introduces multiple (in)congruencies, eventually impacting the plausibility of the experience. However, related work investigating the effects of being co-located with multiple virtual humans of different appearances remains limited. In this work, we consider the impact of (in)congruencies in the realism of a group of virtual humans, including co-located others (agents) and one’s self-representation (self-avatar), on users’ individual VR experiences. In a 2 × 3 mixed design, participants embodied either (1) a personalized realistic or (2) a customized stylized self-avatar across three consecutive VR exposures in which they were accompanied by a group of virtual others being either (1) all realistic, (2) all stylized, or (3) mixed between stylized and realistic. Our results indicate groups of virtual others of higher realism, i.e., potentially more congruent with participants’ real-world experiences and expectations, were considered more human-like, increasing the feeling of co-presence and the impression of interaction possibilities. (In)congruencies concerning the homogeneity of the group did not cause considerable effects. Furthermore, our results indicate that a self-avatar’s congruence with the participant’s real-world experiences concerning their own physical body yielded notable benefits for virtual body ownership and self-identification for realistic personalized avatars. Notably, the incongruence between a stylized self-avatar and a group of realistic virtual others resulted in diminished ratings of self-location and self-identification. This suggests that higher-order (in)congruent visual cues that are not within the ego-central referential frame of one’s (virtual) body, can have an (adverse) effect on the relationship between one’s self and body. We conclude on the implications of our findings and discuss our results within current theories of VR experiences, considering (in)congruent visual cues and their impact on the perception of virtual others, self-representation, and spatial presence

@article{mal2024oddone, abstract = {Virtual humans play a pivotal role in social virtual environments, shaping users’ VR experiences. The diversity in available options and users’ individual preferences can result in a heterogeneous mix of appearances among a group of virtual humans. The resulting variety in higher-order anthropomorphic and realistic cues introduces multiple (in)congruencies, eventually impacting the plausibility of the experience. However, related work investigating the effects of being co-located with multiple virtual humans of different appearances remains limited. In this work, we consider the impact of (in)congruencies in the realism of a group of virtual humans, including co-located others (agents) and one’s self-representation (self-avatar), on users’ individual VR experiences. In a 2 × 3 mixed design, participants embodied either (1) a personalized realistic or (2) a customized stylized self-avatar across three consecutive VR exposures in which they were accompanied by a group of virtual others being either (1) all realistic, (2) all stylized, or (3) mixed between stylized and realistic. Our results indicate groups of virtual others of higher realism, i.e., potentially more congruent with participants’ real-world experiences and expectations, were considered more human-like, increasing the feeling of co-presence and the impression of interaction possibilities. (In)congruencies concerning the homogeneity of the group did not cause considerable effects. Furthermore, our results indicate that a self-avatar’s congruence with the participant’s real-world experiences concerning their own physical body yielded notable benefits for virtual body ownership and self-identification for realistic personalized avatars. Notably, the incongruence between a stylized self-avatar and a group of realistic virtual others resulted in diminished ratings of self-location and self-identification. This suggests that higher-order (in)congruent visual cues that are not within the ego-central referential frame of one’s (virtual) body, can have an (adverse) effect on the relationship between one’s self and body. We conclude on the implications of our findings and discuss our results within current theories of VR experiences, considering (in)congruent visual cues and their impact on the perception of virtual others, self-representation, and spatial presence}, author = {Mal, David and Döllinger, Nina and Wolf, Erik and Wenninger, Stephan and Botsch, Mario and Wienrich, Carolin and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, journal = {Frontiers in Virtual Reality}, keywords = {dmal}, title = {Am I the odd one? Exploring (in)congruencies in the realism of avatars and virtual others in virtual reality}, volume = 5, year = 2024 }
Empower the user - The impact of functional understanding training on usage, social perception, and self-determined interactions with intelligent voice assistants. Markus, A.; Pfister, J.; Carolus, A.; Hotho, A.; Wienrich, C. In Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 6, p. 100229. 2024.
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ DOI ]
@article{noauthororeditor2024empower, author = {Markus, A. and Pfister, J. and Carolus, A. and Hotho, A. and Wienrich, C.}, journal = {Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence}, keywords = {aiatwork}, pages = 100229, title = {Empower the user - The impact of functional understanding training on usage, social perception, and self-determined interactions with intelligent voice assistants}, volume = 6, year = 2024 }
Pipelining Processors for Decomposing Character Animation. Merz, Christian; Tschanter, Jonathan; Kern, Florian; Lugrin, Jean-Luc; Wienrich, Carolin; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In 30th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, of VRST ’24. Association for Computing Machinery, Trier, Germany, 2024.
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This paper presents an openly available implementation of a modular pipeline architecture for character animation. It effectively decomposes frequently necessary processing steps into dedicated character processors, such as copying data from various motion sources, applying inverse kinematics, or scaling the character. Processors can easily be parameterized, extended (e.g., with AI), and freely arranged or even duplicated in any order necessary, greatly reducing side effects and fostering fine-tuning, maintenance, and reusability of the complex interplay of real-time animation steps.

@inproceedings{merz2024processor, abstract = {This paper presents an openly available implementation of a modular pipeline architecture for character animation. It effectively decomposes frequently necessary processing steps into dedicated character processors, such as copying data from various motion sources, applying inverse kinematics, or scaling the character. Processors can easily be parameterized, extended (e.g., with AI), and freely arranged or even duplicated in any order necessary, greatly reducing side effects and fostering fine-tuning, maintenance, and reusability of the complex interplay of real-time animation steps.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Merz, Christian and Tschanter, Jonathan and Kern, Florian and Lugrin, Jean-Luc and Wienrich, Carolin and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, booktitle = {30th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology}, keywords = {realityStack}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, series = {VRST '24}, title = {Pipelining Processors for Decomposing Character Animation}, year = 2024 }
Personal Space Invasion to Prevent Cyberbullying: Design, Development, and Evaluation of an Immersive Prevention Measure for Children and Adolescents. Wienrich, Carolin; Horn, Viktoria; Bürger, Arne; Krauss, Jana. In Springer Virtual Reality. 2024.
- [ Abstract ]
- [ BibTeX ]
Previous work on cyberbullying has shown that the number of victims is increasing and the need for prevention is exceptionally high among younger school students (5th-9th grade). Due to the omnipresence of cyberattacks, victims can hardly distance themselves psychologically, thus experience an intrusion in almost all areas of life. The perpetrators, on the other hand, feel the consequences of their actions even less in cyberspace. However, there is a gap between the need and the existence of innovative prevention programs tied to the digital reality of the target group and the treatment of essential aspects of psychological distance. This article explores the design space, feasibility, and effectiveness of a unique VR-based cyberbullying prevention component in a human-centered iterative approach. The central idea is reflected in creating a virtual personal space invasion with virtual objects associated with cyberbullying making the everyday intrusion of victims tangible. A pre-study revealed that harmful speech texts in bright non-removable message boxes best transferred the psychological determinants associated with a personal space invasion to virtual objects contextualized in cyberbullying scenarios. Therefore, these objects were incorporated into a virtual prevention program that was then tested in a laboratory study with 41 participants. The results showed that the intervention could trigger cognitive dissonance and empathy. In the second step, the intervention was evaluated and improved in a focus group with the actual target group of children and adolescents. The improved application was then evaluated in a school workshop for five days with 100 children and adolescents. The children understood the metaphor of virtual space invasion by the harmful text boxes and reported the expected psychological effects. They also showed great interest in VR. In summary, this paper contributes to the innovative and effective prevention of cyberbullying by using the potential of VR. It provides empirical evidence from a laboratory experiment and a field study with a large sample from the target group of children and adolescents and discusses implications for future developments.

@article{wienrich2024personal, abstract = {Previous work on cyberbullying has shown that the number of victims is increasing and the need for prevention is exceptionally high among younger school students (5th-9th grade). Due to the omnipresence of cyberattacks, victims can hardly distance themselves psychologically, thus experience an intrusion in almost all areas of life. The perpetrators, on the other hand, feel the consequences of their actions even less in cyberspace. However, there is a gap between the need and the existence of innovative prevention programs tied to the digital reality of the target group and the treatment of essential aspects of psychological distance. This article explores the design space, feasibility, and effectiveness of a unique VR-based cyberbullying prevention component in a human-centered iterative approach. The central idea is reflected in creating a virtual personal space invasion with virtual objects associated with cyberbullying making the everyday intrusion of victims tangible. A pre-study revealed that harmful speech texts in bright non-removable message boxes best transferred the psychological determinants associated with a personal space invasion to virtual objects contextualized in cyberbullying scenarios. Therefore, these objects were incorporated into a virtual prevention program that was then tested in a laboratory study with 41 participants. The results showed that the intervention could trigger cognitive dissonance and empathy. In the second step, the intervention was evaluated and improved in a focus group with the actual target group of children and adolescents. The improved application was then evaluated in a school workshop for five days with 100 children and adolescents. The children understood the metaphor of virtual space invasion by the harmful text boxes and reported the expected psychological effects. They also showed great interest in VR. In summary, this paper contributes to the innovative and effective prevention of cyberbullying by using the potential of VR. It provides empirical evidence from a laboratory experiment and a field study with a large sample from the target group of children and adolescents and discusses implications for future developments.}, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Horn, Viktoria and Bürger, Arne and Krauss, Jana}, journal = {Springer Virtual Reality}, keywords = {c.wienrich}, title = {Personal Space Invasion to Prevent Cyberbullying: Design, Development, and Evaluation of an Immersive Prevention Measure for Children and Adolescents}, year = 2024 }
Does Voice Matter? The Effect of Verbal Communication and Asymmetry on the Experience of Collaborative Social XR. Merz, Christian; Wienrich, Carolin; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In 23rd IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR), pp. 1127–1136. IEEE Computer Society, 2024.
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This work evaluates how the asymmetry of device configurations and verbal communication influence the user experience of social eXtended Reality (XR) for self-perception, other-perception, and task perception. We developed an application that enables social collaboration between two users with varying device configurations. We compare the conditions of one symmetric interaction, where both device configurations are Head-Mounted Displays (HMDs) with tracked controllers, with the conditions of one asymmetric interaction, where one device configuration is an HMD with tracked controllers and the other device configuration is a desktop screen with a mouse. In our study, 52 participants collaborated in a dyadic interaction on a sorting task while talking to each other. We compare our results to previous work that evaluated the same scenario without verbal communication. In line with prior research, self-perception is influenced by the immersion of the used device configuration and verbal communication. While co-presence was not affected by the device configuration or the inclusion of verbal communication, social presence was only higher for HMD configurations that allowed verbal communication. Task perception was hardly affected by the device configuration or verbal communication. We conclude that the device in social XR is important for self-perception with or without verbal communication. However, the results indicate that the device configuration only affects the qualities of social interaction in collaborative scenarios when verbal communication is enabled. To sum up, asymmetric collaboration maintains the high quality of self-perception and interaction for highly immersed users while still enabling the participation of less immersed users.

@inproceedings{merz2024voice, abstract = {This work evaluates how the asymmetry of device configurations and verbal communication influence the user experience of social eXtended Reality (XR) for self-perception, other-perception, and task perception. We developed an application that enables social collaboration between two users with varying device configurations. We compare the conditions of one symmetric interaction, where both device configurations are Head-Mounted Displays (HMDs) with tracked controllers, with the conditions of one asymmetric interaction, where one device configuration is an HMD with tracked controllers and the other device configuration is a desktop screen with a mouse. In our study, 52 participants collaborated in a dyadic interaction on a sorting task while talking to each other. We compare our results to previous work that evaluated the same scenario without verbal communication. In line with prior research, self-perception is influenced by the immersion of the used device configuration and verbal communication. While co-presence was not affected by the device configuration or the inclusion of verbal communication, social presence was only higher for HMD configurations that allowed verbal communication. Task perception was hardly affected by the device configuration or verbal communication. We conclude that the device in social XR is important for self-perception with or without verbal communication. However, the results indicate that the device configuration only affects the qualities of social interaction in collaborative scenarios when verbal communication is enabled. To sum up, asymmetric collaboration maintains the high quality of self-perception and interaction for highly immersed users while still enabling the participation of less immersed users.}, author = {Merz, Christian and Wienrich, Carolin and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, booktitle = {23rd IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR)}, keywords = {merz}, pages = {1127-1136}, publisher = {IEEE Computer Society}, title = {Does Voice Matter? The Effect of Verbal Communication and Asymmetry on the Experience of Collaborative Social XR}, year = 2024 }
Meta AI Literacy Scale: Further validation and development of a short version. Koch, Martin J.; Carolus, Astrid; Wienrich, Carolin; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In Heliyon, p. 23. 2024.
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The concept of AI literacy, its promotion, and measurement are important topics as they prepare society for the steadily advancing spread of AI technology. The first purpose of the current study is to advance the measurement of AI literacy by collecting evidence regarding the validity of the Meta AI Literacy Scale (MAILS) by Carolus and colleagues published in 2023: a self-assessment instrument for AI literacy and additional psychological competencies conducive for the use of AI. For this purpose, we first formulated the intended measurement purposes of the MAILS. In a second step, we derived empirically testable axioms and subaxioms from the purposes. We tested them in several already published and newly collected data sets. The results are presented in the form of three different empirical studies. We found overall evidence for the validity of the MAILS with some unexpected findings that require further research. We discuss the results for each study individually and also together. Also, avenues for future research are discussed. The study’s second purpose is to develop a short version (10 items) of the original instrument (34 items). It was possible to find a selection of ten items that represent the factors of the MAILS and show a good model fit when tested with confirmatory factor analysis. Further research will be needed to validate the short scale. This paper advances the knowledge about the validity and provides a short measure for AI literacy. However, more research will be necessary to further our understanding of the relationships between AI literacy and other constructs.

@article{koch2024literacy, abstract = {The concept of AI literacy, its promotion, and measurement are important topics as they prepare society for the steadily advancing spread of AI technology. The first purpose of the current study is to advance the measurement of AI literacy by collecting evidence regarding the validity of the Meta AI Literacy Scale (MAILS) by Carolus and colleagues published in 2023: a self-assessment instrument for AI literacy and additional psychological competencies conducive for the use of AI. For this purpose, we first formulated the intended measurement purposes of the MAILS. In a second step, we derived empirically testable axioms and subaxioms from the purposes. We tested them in several already published and newly collected data sets. The results are presented in the form of three different empirical studies. We found overall evidence for the validity of the MAILS with some unexpected findings that require further research. We discuss the results for each study individually and also together. Also, avenues for future research are discussed. The study’s second purpose is to develop a short version (10 items) of the original instrument (34 items). It was possible to find a selection of ten items that represent the factors of the MAILS and show a good model fit when tested with confirmatory factor analysis. Further research will be needed to validate the short scale. This paper advances the knowledge about the validity and provides a short measure for AI literacy. However, more research will be necessary to further our understanding of the relationships between AI literacy and other constructs.}, author = {Koch, Martin J. and Carolus, Astrid and Wienrich, Carolin and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, journal = {Heliyon}, keywords = {aiatwork}, pages = 23, title = {Meta AI Literacy Scale: Further validation and development of a short version}, year = 2024 }
Manipulating Immersion: The Impact of Perceptual Incongruence on Perceived Plausibility in VR. Brübach, Larissa; Röhm, Mona; Westermeier, Franziska; Latoschik, Marc Erich; Wienrich, Carolin. In 23rd IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR). IEEE Computer Society, 2024.
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This work presents a study where we used incongruencies on the cognitive and the perceptual layer to investigate their effects on perceived plausibility and, thereby, presence and spatial presence. We used a 2x3 within-subject design with the factors familiar size (cognitive manipulation) and immersion (perceptual manipulation). For the different levels of immersion, we implemented three different tracking qualities: rotation-and-translation tracking, rotation-only tracking, and stereoscopic-view-only tracking. Participants scanned products in a virtual supermarket where the familiar size of these objects was manipulated. Simultaneously, they could either move their head normally or need to use the thumbsticks to navigate their view of the environment. Results show that both manipulations had a negative effect on perceived plausibility and, thereby, presence. In addition, the tracking manipulation also had a negative effect on spatial presence. These results are especially interesting in light of the ongoing discussion about the role of plausibility and congruence in evaluating XR environments. The results can hardly be explained by traditional presence models, where immersion should not be an influencing factor for perceived plausibility. However, they are in agreement with the recently introduced Congruence and Plausibility (CaP) model and provide empirical evidence for the model's predicted pathways.

@inproceedings{brubach2024manipulating, abstract = {This work presents a study where we used incongruencies on the cognitive and the perceptual layer to investigate their effects on perceived plausibility and, thereby, presence and spatial presence. We used a 2x3 within-subject design with the factors familiar size (cognitive manipulation) and immersion (perceptual manipulation). For the different levels of immersion, we implemented three different tracking qualities: rotation-and-translation tracking, rotation-only tracking, and stereoscopic-view-only tracking. Participants scanned products in a virtual supermarket where the familiar size of these objects was manipulated. Simultaneously, they could either move their head normally or need to use the thumbsticks to navigate their view of the environment. Results show that both manipulations had a negative effect on perceived plausibility and, thereby, presence. In addition, the tracking manipulation also had a negative effect on spatial presence. These results are especially interesting in light of the ongoing discussion about the role of plausibility and congruence in evaluating XR environments. The results can hardly be explained by traditional presence models, where immersion should not be an influencing factor for perceived plausibility. However, they are in agreement with the recently introduced Congruence and Plausibility (CaP) model and provide empirical evidence for the model's predicted pathways.}, author = {Brübach, Larissa and Röhm, Mona and Westermeier, Franziska and Latoschik, Marc Erich and Wienrich, Carolin}, booktitle = {23rd IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR)}, keywords = {xrhub}, note = {IEEE ISMAR Best Paper Nominee 🏆}, publisher = {IEEE Computer Society}, title = {Manipulating Immersion: The Impact of Perceptual Incongruence on Perceived Plausibility in VR}, year = 2024 }
Exploring Agent-User Personality Similarity and Dissimilarity for Virtual Reality Psychotherapy. Döllinger, Nina; Topel, Jessica; Botsch, Mario; Wienrich, Carolin; Latoschik, Marc Erich; Lugrin, Jean-Luc. In 2024 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW). 2024.
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Imaginary self-encounters are a common approach in psychotherapy. Recent virtual reality advancements enable innovative approaches to enhanced self-encounters using photorealistic personalized Doppelgangers (DG). Yet, next to appearance, similarity in body language could be a great driver of self-identification with a DG or a generic agent. One cost-efficient and time-saving approach could be personality-enhanced animations. We present a pilot study evaluating the effects of personality-enhanced body language in DGs and generic agents. Eleven participants evaluated a Photorealistic DG and a Generic Agent, animated in a seated position to simulate four personality types: Low and High Extraversion and Low and High Emotional Stability. Participants rated the agents' personalities and their self-identification with them. We found an overall positive relationship between a calculated personality similarity score, self-attribution, and perceived behavior-similarity. Perceived appearance-similarity was affected by personality similarity only in generic agents, indicating the potential of body language to provoke a feeling of similarity even in dissimilar-appearing agents.

@inproceedings{dollinger2024exploring, abstract = {Imaginary self-encounters are a common approach in psychotherapy. Recent virtual reality advancements enable innovative approaches to enhanced self-encounters using photorealistic personalized Doppelgangers (DG). Yet, next to appearance, similarity in body language could be a great driver of self-identification with a DG or a generic agent. One cost-efficient and time-saving approach could be personality-enhanced animations. We present a pilot study evaluating the effects of personality-enhanced body language in DGs and generic agents. Eleven participants evaluated a Photorealistic DG and a Generic Agent, animated in a seated position to simulate four personality types: Low and High Extraversion and Low and High Emotional Stability. Participants rated the agents' personalities and their self-identification with them. We found an overall positive relationship between a calculated personality similarity score, self-attribution, and perceived behavior-similarity. Perceived appearance-similarity was affected by personality similarity only in generic agents, indicating the potential of body language to provoke a feeling of similarity even in dissimilar-appearing agents.}, author = {Döllinger, Nina and Topel, Jessica and Botsch, Mario and Wienrich, Carolin and Latoschik, Marc Erich and Lugrin, Jean-Luc}, booktitle = {2024 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW)}, keywords = {c.wienrich}, title = {Exploring Agent-User Personality Similarity and Dissimilarity for Virtual Reality Psychotherapy}, year = 2024 }
Virtual Body Swapping: A VR-Based Approach to Embodied Third-Person Self-Processing in Mind-Body Therapy. Döllinger, Nina; Mal, David; Keppler, Sebastian; Wolf, Erik; Botsch, Mario; Israel, Johann Habakuk; Latoschik, Marc Erich; Wienrich, Carolin. In 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–18. 2024.
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Virtual reality (VR) offers various opportunities for innovative therapeutic approaches, especially regarding self-related mind-body interventions. We introduce a VR body swap system enabling multiple users to swap their perspectives and appearances and evaluate its effects on virtual sense of embodiment (SoE) and perception- and cognition-based self-related processes. In a self-compassion-framed scenario, twenty participants embodied their personalized, photorealistic avatar, swapped bodies with an unfamiliar peer, and reported their SoE, interoceptive awareness (perception), and self-compassion (cognition). Participants' experiences differed between bottom-up and top-down processes. Regarding SoE, their agency and self-location shifted to the swap avatar, while their top-down self-identification remained with their personalized avatar. Further, the experience positively affected interoceptive awareness but not self-compassion. Our outcomes offer novel insights into the SoE in a multiple-embodiment scenario and highlight the need to differentiate between the different processes in intervention design. They raise concerns and requirements for future research on avatar-based mind-body interventions.

@inproceedings{dollinger2024bodyswap, abstract = {Virtual reality (VR) offers various opportunities for innovative therapeutic approaches, especially regarding self-related mind-body interventions. We introduce a VR body swap system enabling multiple users to swap their perspectives and appearances and evaluate its effects on virtual sense of embodiment (SoE) and perception- and cognition-based self-related processes. In a self-compassion-framed scenario, twenty participants embodied their personalized, photorealistic avatar, swapped bodies with an unfamiliar peer, and reported their SoE, interoceptive awareness (perception), and self-compassion (cognition). Participants' experiences differed between bottom-up and top-down processes. Regarding SoE, their agency and self-location shifted to the swap avatar, while their top-down self-identification remained with their personalized avatar. Further, the experience positively affected interoceptive awareness but not self-compassion. Our outcomes offer novel insights into the SoE in a multiple-embodiment scenario and highlight the need to differentiate between the different processes in intervention design. They raise concerns and requirements for future research on avatar-based mind-body interventions.}, author = {Döllinger, Nina and Mal, David and Keppler, Sebastian and Wolf, Erik and Botsch, Mario and Israel, Johann Habakuk and Latoschik, Marc Erich and Wienrich, Carolin}, booktitle = {2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, keywords = {dmal}, pages = {1-18}, title = {Virtual Body Swapping: A VR-Based Approach to Embodied Third-Person Self-Processing in Mind-Body Therapy}, year = 2024 }
The Influence of a Low-Resolution Peripheral Display Extension on the Perceived Plausibility and Presence. Brübach, Larissa; Röhm, Marius; Westermeier, Franziska; Wienrich, Carolin; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In Proceedings of the 30th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, of VRST ’24. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2024.
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The Field of View (FoV) is a central technical display characteristic of Head-Mounted Displays (HMDs), which has been shown to have a notable impact on important aspects of the user experience. For example, an increased FoV has been shown to foster a sense of presence and improve peripheral information processing, but it also increases the risk of VR sickness. This article investigates the impact of a wider but inhomogeneous FoV on the perceived plausibility, measuring its effects on presence, spatial presence, and VR sickness as a comparison to and replication of effects from prior work. We developed a low-resolution peripheral display extension to pragmatically increase the FoV, taking into account the lower peripheral acuity of the human eye. While this design results in inhomogeneous resolutions of HMDs at the display edges, it also is a low complexity and low-cost extension. However, its effects on important VR qualities have to be identified. We conducted two experiments with 30 and 27 participants, respectively. In a randomized 2x3 within-subject design, participants played three rounds of bowling in VR, both with and without the display extension. Two rounds contained incongruencies to induce breaks in plausibility. In experiment 2, we enhanced one incongruency to make it more noticeable and improved the shortcomings of the display extension that had previously been identified. However, neither study measured the low-resolution FoV extension's effect in terms of perceived plausibility, presence, spatial presence, or VR sickness. We found that one of the incongruencies could cause a break in plausibility without the extension, confirming the results of a previous study.

@inproceedings{brubach2024influence, abstract = {The Field of View (FoV) is a central technical display characteristic of Head-Mounted Displays (HMDs), which has been shown to have a notable impact on important aspects of the user experience. For example, an increased FoV has been shown to foster a sense of presence and improve peripheral information processing, but it also increases the risk of VR sickness. This article investigates the impact of a wider but inhomogeneous FoV on the perceived plausibility, measuring its effects on presence, spatial presence, and VR sickness as a comparison to and replication of effects from prior work. We developed a low-resolution peripheral display extension to pragmatically increase the FoV, taking into account the lower peripheral acuity of the human eye. While this design results in inhomogeneous resolutions of HMDs at the display edges, it also is a low complexity and low-cost extension. However, its effects on important VR qualities have to be identified. We conducted two experiments with 30 and 27 participants, respectively. In a randomized 2x3 within-subject design, participants played three rounds of bowling in VR, both with and without the display extension. Two rounds contained incongruencies to induce breaks in plausibility. In experiment 2, we enhanced one incongruency to make it more noticeable and improved the shortcomings of the display extension that had previously been identified. However, neither study measured the low-resolution FoV extension's effect in terms of perceived plausibility, presence, spatial presence, or VR sickness. We found that one of the incongruencies could cause a break in plausibility without the extension, confirming the results of a previous study.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Brübach, Larissa and Röhm, Marius and Westermeier, Franziska and Wienrich, Carolin and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 30th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology}, keywords = {xrhub}, number = 3, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, series = {VRST '24}, title = {The Influence of a Low-Resolution Peripheral Display Extension on the Perceived Plausibility and Presence}, year = 2024 }
Usability, Acceptance, and Trust of Privacy Protection Mechanisms and Identity Management in Social Virtual Reality. Lin, Jinghuai; Rack, Christian; Wienrich, Carolin; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In 23rd IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR). IEEE Computer Society, 2024.
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In social virtual reality (social VR), users are threatened by potential cybercrimes, such as identity theft, sensitive data breaches, and embodied harassment. These concerns are heightened by the increasing interest in the metaverse, the advancements in photorealistic 3D user reconstructions, and the rising incidents of online privacy violations. Designing secure social VR applications that protect users while enhancing their experience, acceptance and trust remains a challenge. This article investigates potential identity management solutions in social VR, and their impacts on usability and user acceptance. We developed a social VR prototype with novel and established countermeasures, including motion biometric verification, and conducted a study with 52 participants. Our findings reveal diverse preferences for identity management and underscore the importance of authenticity, autonomy, and reciprocity. Key findings include: passive verification is favored for pragmatic user experience, while active verification is preferred for its hedonic quality; continuous or periodic verification strengthens users’ confidence in their privacy; and while user awareness promotes authentic engagement, it may also diminish the willingness to disclose personal information. This research not only offers foundational insights into the evaluated scenarios and countermeasures, but also sheds light on the designs of more trustworthy and inclusive social VR applications.

@inproceedings{lin2024usability, abstract = {In social virtual reality (social VR), users are threatened by potential cybercrimes, such as identity theft, sensitive data breaches, and embodied harassment. These concerns are heightened by the increasing interest in the metaverse, the advancements in photorealistic 3D user reconstructions, and the rising incidents of online privacy violations. Designing secure social VR applications that protect users while enhancing their experience, acceptance and trust remains a challenge. This article investigates potential identity management solutions in social VR, and their impacts on usability and user acceptance. We developed a social VR prototype with novel and established countermeasures, including motion biometric verification, and conducted a study with 52 participants. Our findings reveal diverse preferences for identity management and underscore the importance of authenticity, autonomy, and reciprocity. Key findings include: passive verification is favored for pragmatic user experience, while active verification is preferred for its hedonic quality; continuous or periodic verification strengthens users’ confidence in their privacy; and while user awareness promotes authentic engagement, it may also diminish the willingness to disclose personal information. This research not only offers foundational insights into the evaluated scenarios and countermeasures, but also sheds light on the designs of more trustworthy and inclusive social VR applications.}, author = {Lin, Jinghuai and Rack, Christian and Wienrich, Carolin and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, booktitle = {23rd IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR)}, keywords = {xrhub}, publisher = {IEEE Computer Society}, title = {Usability, Acceptance, and Trust of Privacy Protection Mechanisms and Identity Management in Social Virtual Reality}, year = 2024 }
What does the perfect Companion in Games look like? Development and Validation of the Companion Design Scale. Markus, A.; Carolus, A.; Wienrich, C. In Journal of Games, Game Art, and Gamification, 9(1), pp. 30–38. 2024.
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@article{markus2024perfect, author = {Markus, A. and Carolus, A. and Wienrich, C.}, journal = {Journal of Games, Game Art, and Gamification}, keywords = {motiv}, number = 1, pages = {30-38}, title = {What does the perfect Companion in Games look like? Development and Validation of the Companion Design Scale}, volume = 9, year = 2024 }
Towards an Altered Body Image Through the Exposure to a Modulated Self in Virtual Reality. Wolf, Erik; Wienrich, Carolin; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In 2024 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW), pp. 857–858. 2024.
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Self-exposure using modulated embodied avatars in virtual reality (VR) may support a positive body image. However, further investigation is needed to address methodological challenges and to understand the concrete effects, including their quantification. We present an iteratively refined paradigm for studying the tangible effects of exposure to a modulated self in VR. Participants perform body-centered movements in front of a virtual mirror, encountering their photorealistically personalized embodied avatar with increased, decreased, or unchanged body size. Additionally, we propose different body size estimation tasks conducted in reality and VR before and after exposure to assess participants' putative-elicited perceptual adaptations.

@inproceedings{wolf2024towards, abstract = {Self-exposure using modulated embodied avatars in virtual reality (VR) may support a positive body image. However, further investigation is needed to address methodological challenges and to understand the concrete effects, including their quantification. We present an iteratively refined paradigm for studying the tangible effects of exposure to a modulated self in VR. Participants perform body-centered movements in front of a virtual mirror, encountering their photorealistically personalized embodied avatar with increased, decreased, or unchanged body size. Additionally, we propose different body size estimation tasks conducted in reality and VR before and after exposure to assess participants' putative-elicited perceptual adaptations.}, author = {Wolf, Erik and Wienrich, Carolin and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, booktitle = {2024 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW)}, keywords = {vitras}, pages = {857-858}, title = {Towards an Altered Body Image Through the Exposure to a Modulated Self in Virtual Reality}, year = 2024 }
Personal Space Invasion to Prevent Cyberbullying: Design, Development, and Evaluation of an Immersive Prevention Measure for Children and Adolescents. Wienrich, Carolin; Horn, Viktoria; Bürger, Arne; Krauss, Jana. In Springer Virtual Reality. 2024.
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Previous work on cyberbullying has shown that the number of victims is increasing and the need for prevention is exceptionally high among younger school students (5th-9th grade). Due to the omnipresence of cyberattacks, victims can hardly distance themselves psychologically, thus experience an intrusion in almost all areas of life. The perpetrators, on the other hand, feel the consequences of their actions even less in cyberspace. However, there is a gap between the need and the existence of innovative prevention programs tied to the digital reality of the target group and the treatment of essential aspects of psychological distance. This article explores the design space, feasibility, and effectiveness of a unique VR-based cyberbullying prevention component in a human-centered iterative approach. The central idea is reflected in creating a virtual personal space invasion with virtual objects associated with cyberbullying making the everyday intrusion of victims tangible. A pre-study revealed that harmful speech texts in bright non-removable message boxes best transferred the psychological determinants associated with a personal space invasion to virtual objects contextualized in cyberbullying scenarios. Therefore, these objects were incorporated into a virtual prevention program that was then tested in a laboratory study with 41 participants. The results showed that the intervention could trigger cognitive dissonance and empathy. In the second step, the intervention was evaluated and improved in a focus group with the actual target group of children and adolescents. The improved application was then evaluated in a school workshop for five days with 100 children and adolescents. The children understood the metaphor of virtual space invasion by the harmful text boxes and reported the expected psychological effects. They also showed great interest in VR. In summary, this paper contributes to the innovative and effective prevention of cyberbullying by using the potential of VR. It provides empirical evidence from a laboratory experiment and a field study with a large sample from the target group of children and adolescents and discusses implications for future developments.

@article{wienrich2024personal, abstract = {Previous work on cyberbullying has shown that the number of victims is increasing and the need for prevention is exceptionally high among younger school students (5th-9th grade). Due to the omnipresence of cyberattacks, victims can hardly distance themselves psychologically, thus experience an intrusion in almost all areas of life. The perpetrators, on the other hand, feel the consequences of their actions even less in cyberspace. However, there is a gap between the need and the existence of innovative prevention programs tied to the digital reality of the target group and the treatment of essential aspects of psychological distance. This article explores the design space, feasibility, and effectiveness of a unique VR-based cyberbullying prevention component in a human-centered iterative approach. The central idea is reflected in creating a virtual personal space invasion with virtual objects associated with cyberbullying making the everyday intrusion of victims tangible. A pre-study revealed that harmful speech texts in bright non-removable message boxes best transferred the psychological determinants associated with a personal space invasion to virtual objects contextualized in cyberbullying scenarios. Therefore, these objects were incorporated into a virtual prevention program that was then tested in a laboratory study with 41 participants. The results showed that the intervention could trigger cognitive dissonance and empathy. In the second step, the intervention was evaluated and improved in a focus group with the actual target group of children and adolescents. The improved application was then evaluated in a school workshop for five days with 100 children and adolescents. The children understood the metaphor of virtual space invasion by the harmful text boxes and reported the expected psychological effects. They also showed great interest in VR. In summary, this paper contributes to the innovative and effective prevention of cyberbullying by using the potential of VR. It provides empirical evidence from a laboratory experiment and a field study with a large sample from the target group of children and adolescents and discusses implications for future developments.}, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Horn, Viktoria and Bürger, Arne and Krauss, Jana}, journal = {Springer Virtual Reality}, keywords = {c.wienrich}, title = {Personal Space Invasion to Prevent Cyberbullying: Design, Development, and Evaluation of an Immersive Prevention Measure for Children and Adolescents}, year = 2024 }
Effects of AI understanding-training on AI literacy, usage, self-determined interactions, and anthropomorphization with voice assistants. Markus, A.; Pfister, J.; Carolus, C.; Hotho, A.; Wienrich, C. In Computers and Education Open, 6(1), p. 100176. 2024.
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@article{bertsekas-rollout, author = {Markus, A. and Pfister, J. and Carolus, C. and Hotho, A. and Wienrich, C.}, journal = {Computers and Education Open}, keywords = {aiatwork}, number = 1, pages = 100176, title = {Effects of AI understanding-training on AI literacy, usage, self-determined interactions, and anthropomorphization with voice assistants}, volume = 6, year = 2024 }
From Avatars to Agents: Self-Related Cues through Embodiment and Personalization Affect Body Perception in Virtual Reality. Fiedler, Marie Luisa; Wolf, Erik; Döllinger, Nina; Mal, David; Botsch, Mario; Latoschik, Marc Erich; Wienrich, Carolin. In IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, pp. 1–11. 2024.
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Our work investigates the influence of self-related cues in the design of virtual humans on body perception in virtual reality. In a 2x2 mixed design, 64 participants faced photorealistic virtual humans either as a motion-synchronized embodied avatar or as an autonomous moving agent, appearing subsequently with a personalized and generic texture. Our results unveil that self-related cues through embodiment and personalization yield an individual and complemented increase in participants' sense of embodiment and self-identification towards the virtual human. Different body weight modification and estimation tasks further showed an impact of both factors on participants' body weight perception. Additional analyses revealed that the participant's body mass index predicted body weight estimations in all conditions and that participants' self-esteem and body shape concerns correlated with different body weight perception results. Hence, we have demonstrated the occurrence of double standards through induced self-related cues in virtual human perception, especially through embodiment.

@article{fiedler2024selfcues, abstract = {Our work investigates the influence of self-related cues in the design of virtual humans on body perception in virtual reality. In a 2x2 mixed design, 64 participants faced photorealistic virtual humans either as a motion-synchronized embodied avatar or as an autonomous moving agent, appearing subsequently with a personalized and generic texture. Our results unveil that self-related cues through embodiment and personalization yield an individual and complemented increase in participants' sense of embodiment and self-identification towards the virtual human. Different body weight modification and estimation tasks further showed an impact of both factors on participants' body weight perception. Additional analyses revealed that the participant's body mass index predicted body weight estimations in all conditions and that participants' self-esteem and body shape concerns correlated with different body weight perception results. Hence, we have demonstrated the occurrence of double standards through induced self-related cues in virtual human perception, especially through embodiment.}, author = {Fiedler, Marie Luisa and Wolf, Erik and Döllinger, Nina and Mal, David and Botsch, Mario and Latoschik, Marc Erich and Wienrich, Carolin}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics}, keywords = {mfiedler}, pages = {1-11}, title = {From Avatars to Agents: Self-Related Cues through Embodiment and Personalization Affect Body Perception in Virtual Reality}, year = 2024 }
Gender Differences and Social Design in Human-AI Collaboration: Insights from Virtual Cobot Interactions Under Varying Task Loads. Wienrich, Carolin; Latoschik, Marc Erich; Obremski, David. In Extended Abstracts of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, of CHI EA ’24. Association for Computing Machinery, <conf-loc> <city>Honolulu</city> <state>HI</state> <country>USA</country> </conf-loc>, 2024.
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This work explores the effects of users’ gender and social design features of AI under different task load conditions on human-like attributions, social impact, work performance and perceived workload, user experience, and various other measures in Human-AI Interaction (HAII). Users had to execute sorting and dispatch tasks in collaboration with a virtual cobot. The degree of social gestalt of the cobot was varied by the ability to make small talk (i.e., talkative vs. non-talkative cobot), and the task load was increased by adding a secondary task (i.e., high vs. low task load condition). Overall, the talkative cobot led to a more positive perception of the cobot and increased social qualities like sense of meaning and team membership compared to the non-talkative cobot. The following gender effect was particularly interesting. The talkative cobot had a buffering effect for women and a distraction conflict effect for men in high task load conditions. When interacting with the talkative robot, women find the high task condition less stressful. In contrast thereto, the talkative cobot was distracting for men in the high task load condition. Our results highlight that social design choices and interindividual differences influence a successful collaboration between humans and AI. The work also shows the added value of systematic XR-simulations for the investigation and design of human-centered HAIIs (eXtended AI approach).

@inproceedings{10.1145/3613905.3650827, abstract = {This work explores the effects of users’ gender and social design features of AI under different task load conditions on human-like attributions, social impact, work performance and perceived workload, user experience, and various other measures in Human-AI Interaction (HAII). Users had to execute sorting and dispatch tasks in collaboration with a virtual cobot. The degree of social gestalt of the cobot was varied by the ability to make small talk (i.e., talkative vs. non-talkative cobot), and the task load was increased by adding a secondary task (i.e., high vs. low task load condition). Overall, the talkative cobot led to a more positive perception of the cobot and increased social qualities like sense of meaning and team membership compared to the non-talkative cobot. The following gender effect was particularly interesting. The talkative cobot had a buffering effect for women and a distraction conflict effect for men in high task load conditions. When interacting with the talkative robot, women find the high task condition less stressful. In contrast thereto, the talkative cobot was distracting for men in the high task load condition. Our results highlight that social design choices and interindividual differences influence a successful collaboration between humans and AI. The work also shows the added value of systematic XR-simulations for the investigation and design of human-centered HAIIs (eXtended AI approach).}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Latoschik, Marc Erich and Obremski, David}, booktitle = {Extended Abstracts of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, keywords = {obremski}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, series = {CHI EA '24}, title = {Gender Differences and Social Design in Human-AI Collaboration: Insights from Virtual Cobot Interactions Under Varying Task Loads}, year = 2024 }
Traumatic childhood experiences and personality functioning: effect of body connection in a cross-sectional German and Chilean sample. Bertsch, Katja; Göhre, Isabelle; Cottin, Marianne; Zettl, Max; Wienrich, Carolin; Back, Sarah N. In Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 11(1), p. 20. 2024.
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Traumatic childhood experiences are a major risk factor for developing mental disorders later in life. Over the past decade, researchers have begun to investigate the role of early trauma in impairments in personality functioning following the introduction of the Alternative Model of Personality Disorders in Section III of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders 5. Although first studies were able to empirically demonstrate a significant link between early trauma and impairments in personality functioning, only little is known about the underlying mechanisms. One possible mechanism is body connection due to its involvement in self-regulatory processes and its link to both early trauma and personality (dys)functioning.

@article{Bertsch2024, abstract = {Traumatic childhood experiences are a major risk factor for developing mental disorders later in life. Over the past decade, researchers have begun to investigate the role of early trauma in impairments in personality functioning following the introduction of the Alternative Model of Personality Disorders in Section III of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders 5. Although first studies were able to empirically demonstrate a significant link between early trauma and impairments in personality functioning, only little is known about the underlying mechanisms. One possible mechanism is body connection due to its involvement in self-regulatory processes and its link to both early trauma and personality (dys)functioning.}, author = {Bertsch, Katja and Göhre, Isabelle and Cottin, Marianne and Zettl, Max and Wienrich, Carolin and Back, Sarah N.}, journal = {Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation}, keywords = {c.wienrich}, month = {08}, number = 1, pages = 20, title = {Traumatic childhood experiences and personality functioning: effect of body connection in a cross-sectional German and Chilean sample}, volume = 11, year = 2024 }
From 2D-Screens to VR: Exploring the Effect of Immersion on the Plausibility of Virtual Humans. Mal, David; Wolf, Erik; Döllinger, Nina; Botsch, Mario; Wienrich, Carolin; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In CHI 24 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Extended Abstracts, pp. 1–8. 2024.
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Virtual humans significantly contribute to users' plausible XR experiences. However, it may be not only the congruent rendering of the virtual human but also the intermediary display technology having a significant impact on virtual humans' plausibility. In a low-immersive desktop-based and a high-immersive VR condition, participants rated realistic and abstract animated virtual humans regarding plausibility, affective appraisal, and social judgments. First, our results confirmed the factor structure of a preliminary virtual human plausibility questionnaire in VR. Further, the appearance and behavior of realistic virtual humans were overall perceived as more plausible compared to abstract virtual humans, an effect that increased with high immersion. Moreover, only for high immersion, realistic virtual humans were rated as more trustworthy and sympathetic than abstract virtual humans. Interestingly, we observed a potential uncanny valley effect for low but not for high immersion. We discuss the impact of a natural perception of anthropomorphic and realistic cues in VR and highlight the potential of immersive technology to elicit distinct effects in virtual humans.

@inproceedings{mal2024vhpvr, abstract = {Virtual humans significantly contribute to users' plausible XR experiences. However, it may be not only the congruent rendering of the virtual human but also the intermediary display technology having a significant impact on virtual humans' plausibility. In a low-immersive desktop-based and a high-immersive VR condition, participants rated realistic and abstract animated virtual humans regarding plausibility, affective appraisal, and social judgments. First, our results confirmed the factor structure of a preliminary virtual human plausibility questionnaire in VR. Further, the appearance and behavior of realistic virtual humans were overall perceived as more plausible compared to abstract virtual humans, an effect that increased with high immersion. Moreover, only for high immersion, realistic virtual humans were rated as more trustworthy and sympathetic than abstract virtual humans. Interestingly, we observed a potential uncanny valley effect for low but not for high immersion. We discuss the impact of a natural perception of anthropomorphic and realistic cues in VR and highlight the potential of immersive technology to elicit distinct effects in virtual humans.}, author = {Mal, David and Wolf, Erik and Döllinger, Nina and Botsch, Mario and Wienrich, Carolin and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, booktitle = {CHI 24 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Extended Abstracts}, keywords = {dmal}, pages = {1-8}, title = {From 2D-Screens to VR: Exploring the Effect of Immersion on the Plausibility of Virtual Humans}, year = 2024 }
Assessing Depth Perception in VR and Video See-Through AR: A Comparison on Distance Judgment, Performance, and Preference. Westermeier, Franziska; Brübach, Larissa; Wienrich, Carolin; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 30(5), pp. 2140–2150. 2024.
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Spatial User Interfaces along the Reality-Virtuality continuum heavily depend on accurate depth perception. However, current display technologies still exhibit shortcomings in the simulation of accurate depth cues, and these shortcomings also vary between Virtual or Augmented Reality (VR, AR: eXtended Reality (XR) for short). This article compares depth perception between VR and Video See-Through (VST) AR. We developed a digital twin of an existing office room where users had to perform five depth-dependent tasks in VR and VST AR. Thirty-two participants took part in a user study using a 1×4 within-subjects design. Our results reveal higher misjudgment rates in VST AR due to conflicting depth cues between virtual and physical content. Increased head movements observed in participants were interpreted as a compensatory response to these conflicting cues. Furthermore, a longer task completion time in the VST AR condition indicates a lower task performance in VST AR. Interestingly, while participants rated the VR condition as easier and contrary to the increased misjudgments and lower performance with the VST AR display, a majority still expressed a preference for the VST AR experience. We discuss and explain these findings with the high visual dominance and referential power of the physical content in the VST AR condition, leading to a higher spatial presence and plausibility.

@article{westermeier2024assessing, abstract = {Spatial User Interfaces along the Reality-Virtuality continuum heavily depend on accurate depth perception. However, current display technologies still exhibit shortcomings in the simulation of accurate depth cues, and these shortcomings also vary between Virtual or Augmented Reality (VR, AR: eXtended Reality (XR) for short). This article compares depth perception between VR and Video See-Through (VST) AR. We developed a digital twin of an existing office room where users had to perform five depth-dependent tasks in VR and VST AR. Thirty-two participants took part in a user study using a 1×4 within-subjects design. Our results reveal higher misjudgment rates in VST AR due to conflicting depth cues between virtual and physical content. Increased head movements observed in participants were interpreted as a compensatory response to these conflicting cues. Furthermore, a longer task completion time in the VST AR condition indicates a lower task performance in VST AR. Interestingly, while participants rated the VR condition as easier and contrary to the increased misjudgments and lower performance with the VST AR display, a majority still expressed a preference for the VST AR experience. We discuss and explain these findings with the high visual dominance and referential power of the physical content in the VST AR condition, leading to a higher spatial presence and plausibility.}, author = {Westermeier, Franziska and Brübach, Larissa and Wienrich, Carolin and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics}, keywords = {xrhub}, month = {05}, number = 5, pages = {2140 - 2150}, title = {Assessing Depth Perception in VR and Video See-Through AR: A Comparison on Distance Judgment, Performance, and Preference}, volume = 30, year = 2024 }
Promoting Eco-Friendly Behavior through Virtual Reality - Implementation and Evaluation of Immersive Feedback Conditions of a Virtual CO2 Calculator. Wienrich, Carolin; Vogt, Stephanie; Döllinger, Nina; Obremski, David. In 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 2024.
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Climate change is one of the most pressing global challenges in the 21st century. Urgent actions favoring the environment's well-being are essential to mitigate its potentially irreversible consequences. However, the delayed and often distant nature of the effects of sustainable behavior makes it challenging for individuals to connect with the issue personally. Immersive media are an opportunity to introduce innovative feedback mechanisms to highlight the urgency of behavior effects. We introduce a VR carbon calculator that visualizes users' annual carbon footprint as CO2-filled balloons over multiple periods. In a 2x2 design, participants calculated and visualized their carbon footprint numerically or as balloons over one or three years. We found no effect of our visualization but a significant impact of the visualized period on participants' environmental self-efficacy. These findings emphasize the importance of target-oriented design in VR behavior interventions.

@inproceedings{wienrich2024promoting, abstract = {Climate change is one of the most pressing global challenges in the 21st century. Urgent actions favoring the environment's well-being are essential to mitigate its potentially irreversible consequences. However, the delayed and often distant nature of the effects of sustainable behavior makes it challenging for individuals to connect with the issue personally. Immersive media are an opportunity to introduce innovative feedback mechanisms to highlight the urgency of behavior effects. We introduce a VR carbon calculator that visualizes users' annual carbon footprint as CO2-filled balloons over multiple periods. In a 2x2 design, participants calculated and visualized their carbon footprint numerically or as balloons over one or three years. We found no effect of our visualization but a significant impact of the visualized period on participants' environmental self-efficacy. These findings emphasize the importance of target-oriented design in VR behavior interventions.}, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Vogt, Stephanie and Döllinger, Nina and Obremski, David}, booktitle = {2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, keywords = {c.wienrich}, title = {Promoting Eco-Friendly Behavior through Virtual Reality - Implementation and Evaluation of Immersive Feedback Conditions of a Virtual CO2 Calculator}, year = 2024 }
Universal Access for Social XR Across Devices: The Impact of Immersion on the Experience in Asymmetric Virtual Collaboration. Merz, Christian; Göttfert, Christopher; Wienrich, Carolin; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In Proceedings of the 31st IEEE Virtual Reality conference (VR ’24). IEEE, 2024.
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This article investigates the influence of input/output device characteristics and degrees of immersion on the User Experience (UX) of specific eXtended Reality (XR) effects, i.e., presence, self-perception, other-perception, and task perception. It targets universal access to social XR, where dedicated XR hardware is unavailable or can not be used, but participation is desirable or even necessary. We compare three different device configurations: (i) desktop screen with mouse, (ii) desktop screen with tracked controllers, and (iii) Head-Mounted Display (HMD) with tracked controllers. 87 participants took part in collaborative dyadic interaction (a sorting task) with asymmetric device configurations in a specifically developed social XR. In line with prior research, the sense of presence and embodiment were significantly lower for the desktop setups. However, we only found minor differences in task load and no differences in usability and enjoyment of the task between the conditions. Additionally, the perceived humanness and virtual human plausibility of the other were not affected, no matter the device used. Finally, there was no impact regarding co-presence and social presence independent of the level of immersion of oneself or the other. We conclude that the device in social XR is important for self-perception and presence. However, our results indicate that the devices do not affect important UX and usability aspects, specifically, the qualities of social interaction in collaborative scenarios, paving the way for universal access to social XR encounters and significantly promoting participation.

@inproceedings{merz2024universal, abstract = {This article investigates the influence of input/output device characteristics and degrees of immersion on the User Experience (UX) of specific eXtended Reality (XR) effects, i.e., presence, self-perception, other-perception, and task perception. It targets universal access to social XR, where dedicated XR hardware is unavailable or can not be used, but participation is desirable or even necessary. We compare three different device configurations: (i) desktop screen with mouse, (ii) desktop screen with tracked controllers, and (iii) Head-Mounted Display (HMD) with tracked controllers. 87 participants took part in collaborative dyadic interaction (a sorting task) with asymmetric device configurations in a specifically developed social XR. In line with prior research, the sense of presence and embodiment were significantly lower for the desktop setups. However, we only found minor differences in task load and no differences in usability and enjoyment of the task between the conditions. Additionally, the perceived humanness and virtual human plausibility of the other were not affected, no matter the device used. Finally, there was no impact regarding co-presence and social presence independent of the level of immersion of oneself or the other. We conclude that the device in social XR is important for self-perception and presence. However, our results indicate that the devices do not affect important UX and usability aspects, specifically, the qualities of social interaction in collaborative scenarios, paving the way for universal access to social XR encounters and significantly promoting participation.}, author = {Merz, Christian and Göttfert, Christopher and Wienrich, Carolin and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 31st IEEE Virtual Reality conference (VR '24)}, keywords = {merz}, organization = {IEEE}, title = {Universal Access for Social XR Across Devices: The Impact of Immersion on the Experience in Asymmetric Virtual Collaboration}, year = 2024 }
The Effects of Expertise, Humanness, and Congruence on Perceived Trust, Warmth, Competence and Intention to Use Embodied AI. Krop, Philipp; Koch, Martin J.; Carolus, Astrid; Latoschik, Marc Erich; Wienrich, Carolin. In Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA ’24), p. 9. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 2024.
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Even though people imagine different embodiments when asked which AI they would like to work with, most studies investigate trust in AI systems without specific physical appearances. This study aims to close this gap by combining influencing factors of trust to analyze their impact on the perceived trustworthiness, warmth, and competence of an embodied AI. We recruited 68 par- ticipants who observed three co-working scenes with an embodied AI, presented as expert/novice (expertise), human/AI (humanness), or congruent/slightly incongruent to the environment (congruence). Our results show that the expertise condition had the largest im- pact on trust, acceptance, and perceived warmth and competence. When controlled for perceived competence, the humanness of the AI and the congruence of its embodiment to the environment also influence acceptance. The results show that besides expertise and the perceived competence of the AI, other design variables are rele- vant for successful human-AI interaction, especially when the AI is embodied.

@inproceedings{krop2024effects, abstract = {Even though people imagine different embodiments when asked which AI they would like to work with, most studies investigate trust in AI systems without specific physical appearances. This study aims to close this gap by combining influencing factors of trust to analyze their impact on the perceived trustworthiness, warmth, and competence of an embodied AI. We recruited 68 par- ticipants who observed three co-working scenes with an embodied AI, presented as expert/novice (expertise), human/AI (humanness), or congruent/slightly incongruent to the environment (congruence). Our results show that the expertise condition had the largest im- pact on trust, acceptance, and perceived warmth and competence. When controlled for perceived competence, the humanness of the AI and the congruence of its embodiment to the environment also influence acceptance. The results show that besides expertise and the perceived competence of the AI, other design variables are rele- vant for successful human-AI interaction, especially when the AI is embodied.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Krop, Philipp and Koch, Martin J. and Carolus, Astrid and Latoschik, Marc Erich and Wienrich, Carolin}, booktitle = {Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA ’24)}, keywords = {aiatwork}, month = {05}, organization = {ACM}, pages = 9, publisher = {ACM}, title = {The Effects of Expertise, Humanness, and Congruence on Perceived Trust, Warmth, Competence and Intention to Use Embodied AI}, year = 2024 }
Overview and confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis of AI literacy scale. Koch, Martin J.; Wienrich, Carolin; Straka, Samantha; Latoschik, Marc Erich; Carolus, Astrid. In Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 7, p. 100310. Elsevier BV, 2024.
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@article{Koch_2024, author = {Koch, Martin J. and Wienrich, Carolin and Straka, Samantha and Latoschik, Marc Erich and Carolus, Astrid}, journal = {Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence}, keywords = {aiatwork}, month = 12, pages = 100310, publisher = {Elsevier BV}, title = {Overview and confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis of AI literacy scale}, volume = 7, year = 2024 }
TooCloseVR – Die Entwicklung eines Präventionsprogramms zur Verhinderung von Cyberbullying mittels immersiver Technologien. Bürger, Arne; Wienrich, Carolin. In Kindheit und Entwicklung, 33(2), pp. 125–135. Hogrefe Publishing Group, 2024.
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@article{B_rger_2024, author = {Bürger, Arne and Wienrich, Carolin}, journal = {Kindheit und Entwicklung}, keywords = {c.wienrich}, month = {04}, number = 2, pages = {125–135}, publisher = {Hogrefe Publishing Group}, title = {TooCloseVR – Die Entwicklung eines Präventionsprogramms zur Verhinderung von Cyberbullying mittels immersiver Technologien}, volume = 33, year = 2024 }
Autonomous VR Exposure Therapy for Anxiety Disorders Using Conversational AI—Ethical and Technical Implications and Preliminary Results. Obremski, David; Wienrich, Carolin. In Scientific Research Publishing, 12(4). 2024.
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The need for psychotherapy is very high and the lack of care causes a lot of suffering and high costs. This paper presents an interdisciplinary approach to creating an AI-guided exposure therapy for fear of heights in virtual reality (VR). First, ethical principles for the use of conversational AI in psychotherapy were translated into technical requirements and made measurable. Based on this, an autonomous virtual reality exposure therapy was iteratively developed with a therapist. The feasibility and implementation of the ethical principles were tested with a patient. The patient was very satisfied with the VR setup. The AI therapist was also rated positively, although there is still room for improvement regarding conversational skills. Overall, the paper shows how AI can contribute responsibly to improving the psycho-therapeutic supply. It also provides guidelines that make ethical principles tangible and measurable for developers.

@article{obremski2024autonomous, abstract = {The need for psychotherapy is very high and the lack of care causes a lot of suffering and high costs. This paper presents an interdisciplinary approach to creating an AI-guided exposure therapy for fear of heights in virtual reality (VR). First, ethical principles for the use of conversational AI in psychotherapy were translated into technical requirements and made measurable. Based on this, an autonomous virtual reality exposure therapy was iteratively developed with a therapist. The feasibility and implementation of the ethical principles were tested with a patient. The patient was very satisfied with the VR setup. The AI therapist was also rated positively, although there is still room for improvement regarding conversational skills. Overall, the paper shows how AI can contribute responsibly to improving the psycho-therapeutic supply. It also provides guidelines that make ethical principles tangible and measurable for developers.}, author = {Obremski, David and Wienrich, Carolin}, journal = {Scientific Research Publishing}, keywords = {obremski}, month = {04}, number = 4, title = {Autonomous VR Exposure Therapy for Anxiety Disorders Using Conversational AI—Ethical and Technical Implications and Preliminary Results}, volume = 12, year = 2024 }

2023[ to top ]

Holographic Augmented Reality Mirrors for Daily Self-Reflection on the Own Body Image. Fiedler, Marie Luisa; Wolf, Erik; Wienrich, Carolin; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In CHI 2023 WS28 Integrating Individual and Social Contexts into Self-Reflection Technologies Workshop, pp. 1–4. 2023.
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Mirror self-reflection can help us to develop a deeper understanding and appreciation of our body. Due to technological advancements, holographic augmented reality (AR) mirrors can create realistic visualizations of virtual humans that can represent one's appearance in an altered way while remaining in a familiar environment. Further developing those mirrors opens a new field for use in everyday life. In this work, we outline possible future scenarios where AR mirrors can empower individuals to visualize their emotions, thought patterns, and discrepancies related to their physical body and mental body image. Thus, AR mirrors can encourage their self-reflection, promote a positive and healthy relationship with their bodies, or motivate them to take action to improve their well-being.

@inproceedings{fiedler2023holographic, abstract = {Mirror self-reflection can help us to develop a deeper understanding and appreciation of our body. Due to technological advancements, holographic augmented reality (AR) mirrors can create realistic visualizations of virtual humans that can represent one's appearance in an altered way while remaining in a familiar environment. Further developing those mirrors opens a new field for use in everyday life. In this work, we outline possible future scenarios where AR mirrors can empower individuals to visualize their emotions, thought patterns, and discrepancies related to their physical body and mental body image. Thus, AR mirrors can encourage their self-reflection, promote a positive and healthy relationship with their bodies, or motivate them to take action to improve their well-being.}, author = {Fiedler, Marie Luisa and Wolf, Erik and Wienrich, Carolin and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, booktitle = {CHI 2023 WS28 Integrating Individual and Social Contexts into Self-Reflection Technologies Workshop}, keywords = {mfiedler}, pages = {1-4}, title = {Holographic Augmented Reality Mirrors for Daily Self-Reflection on the Own Body Image}, year = 2023 }
Auswirkung von (virtuellen) Körperbildübungen auf das Ernährungsverhalten von Personen mit Adipositas – Ergebnisse der ViTraS-Pilotstudie. Gemesi, Kathrin; Döllinger, Nina; Weinberger, Natascha-Alexandra; Wolf, Erik; Mal, David; Wienrich, Carolin; Luck-Sikorski, Claudia; Bader, Erik; Holzapfel, Christina. In Adipositas - Ursachen, Folgeerkrankungen, Therapie, 17(03), pp. S10–05. 2023.
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Einleitung Die multimodale Adipositastherapie besteht aus Elementen der Ernährung, der Bewegung und des Verhaltens bzw. des Körperbildes. Anwendungen der virtuellen Realität (VR) können das Methodenspektrum der Körperbildtherapie erweitern. Im vorliegenden Projekt wurde ein VR-System (bestehend aus einem Avatar und einem virtuellen Spiegel) zur Verbesserung von Körperwahrnehmung und Körperbild bei Personen mit Adipositas entwickelt. Methoden Im Rahmen der multizentrischen kontrollierten ViTraS-Pilotstudie (Registrierungsnummer: DRKS00027906) wurden bei Personen mit Adipositas virtuelle bzw. traditionelle Körperbildübungen angewendet. Es fanden drei Sitzungen im Abstand von ca. zwei Wochen statt. Über die Zeit wurden anthropometrische Daten sowie Daten zum Ernährungsverhalten (Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) und eine Auswahl von Fragen des The Eating Motivation Survey (TEMS)) erfasst. In zwei Sitzungen wurden Körperbildübungen virtuell (VR-Gruppe) oder nicht-virtuell (Kontrollgruppe) durchgeführt. Eine online Follow-Up-Datenerhebung fand 6 Wochen nach der letzten Sitzung statt. Ergebnisse Insgesamt wurden 66 Personen (VR-Gruppe: 31, Kontrollgruppe: 35) in die Studie eingeschlossen. Die Personen waren zu 79% (52/66) weiblich, 45±13 Jahre alt und der mittlere BMI lag bei 37±4 kg/m2. Die Auswertung des DEBQ Fragebogens hat ergeben, dass in der VR-Gruppe gezügeltes Essverhalten von Anfang bis Ende der Studie signifikant (p<0,05) zugenommen hat. Die Ergebnisse der Auswahl von Fragen des TEMS hat keine signifikanten (p≥0,05) Unterschiede innerhalb oder zwischen den Gruppen ergeben. Schlussfolgerung Die Studie hat ergeben, dass die Durchführung von virtuellen Körperbildübungen eine Auswirkung auf das Ernährungsverhalten von Personen mit Adipositas haben kann.

@article{gemesi2023auswirkung, abstract = {Einleitung Die multimodale Adipositastherapie besteht aus Elementen der Ernährung, der Bewegung und des Verhaltens bzw. des Körperbildes. Anwendungen der virtuellen Realität (VR) können das Methodenspektrum der Körperbildtherapie erweitern. Im vorliegenden Projekt wurde ein VR-System (bestehend aus einem Avatar und einem virtuellen Spiegel) zur Verbesserung von Körperwahrnehmung und Körperbild bei Personen mit Adipositas entwickelt. Methoden Im Rahmen der multizentrischen kontrollierten ViTraS-Pilotstudie (Registrierungsnummer: DRKS00027906) wurden bei Personen mit Adipositas virtuelle bzw. traditionelle Körperbildübungen angewendet. Es fanden drei Sitzungen im Abstand von ca. zwei Wochen statt. Über die Zeit wurden anthropometrische Daten sowie Daten zum Ernährungsverhalten (Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) und eine Auswahl von Fragen des The Eating Motivation Survey (TEMS)) erfasst. In zwei Sitzungen wurden Körperbildübungen virtuell (VR-Gruppe) oder nicht-virtuell (Kontrollgruppe) durchgeführt. Eine online Follow-Up-Datenerhebung fand 6 Wochen nach der letzten Sitzung statt. Ergebnisse Insgesamt wurden 66 Personen (VR-Gruppe: 31, Kontrollgruppe: 35) in die Studie eingeschlossen. Die Personen waren zu 79% (52/66) weiblich, 45±13 Jahre alt und der mittlere BMI lag bei 37±4 kg/m2. Die Auswertung des DEBQ Fragebogens hat ergeben, dass in der VR-Gruppe gezügeltes Essverhalten von Anfang bis Ende der Studie signifikant (p<0,05) zugenommen hat. Die Ergebnisse der Auswahl von Fragen des TEMS hat keine signifikanten (p≥0,05) Unterschiede innerhalb oder zwischen den Gruppen ergeben. Schlussfolgerung Die Studie hat ergeben, dass die Durchführung von virtuellen Körperbildübungen eine Auswirkung auf das Ernährungsverhalten von Personen mit Adipositas haben kann.}, author = {Gemesi, Kathrin and Döllinger, Nina and Weinberger, Natascha-Alexandra and Wolf, Erik and Mal, David and Wienrich, Carolin and Luck-Sikorski, Claudia and Bader, Erik and Holzapfel, Christina}, journal = {Adipositas - Ursachen, Folgeerkrankungen, Therapie}, keywords = {dmal}, number = {03}, pages = {S10-05}, title = {Auswirkung von (virtuellen) Körperbildübungen auf das Ernährungsverhalten von Personen mit Adipositas – Ergebnisse der ViTraS-Pilotstudie}, volume = 17, year = 2023 }
Visual Indicators Representing Avatars’ Authenticity in Social Virtual Reality and Their Impacts on Perceived Trustworthiness. Lin, Jinghuai; Cronjé, Johrine; Wienrich, Carolin; Pauli, Paul; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics (TVCG), 29(11), pp. 4589–4599. 2023.
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@article{lin2023visual, author = {Lin, Jinghuai and Cronjé, Johrine and Wienrich, Carolin and Pauli, Paul and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics (TVCG)}, keywords = {c.wienrich}, number = 11, pages = {4589-4599}, title = {Visual Indicators Representing Avatars' Authenticity in Social Virtual Reality and Their Impacts on Perceived Trustworthiness}, volume = 29, year = 2023 }
Are Embodied Avatars Harmful to our Self-Experience? The Impact of Virtual Embodiment on Body Awareness. Döllinger, Nina; Wolf, Erik; Botsch, Mario; Latoschik, Marc Erich; Wienrich, Carolin. In 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1–14. 2023.
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Virtual Reality (VR) allows us to replace our visible body with a virtual self-representation (avatar) and to explore its effects on our body perception. While the feeling of owning and controlling a virtual body is widely researched, how VR affects the awareness of internal body signals (body awareness) remains open. Forty participants performed moving meditation tasks in reality and VR, either facing their mirror image or not. Both the virtual environment and avatars photorealistically matched their real counterparts. We found a negative effect of VR on body awareness, mediated by feeling embodied in and changed by the avatar. Further, we revealed a negative effect of a mirror on body awareness. Our results indicate that assessing body awareness should be essential in evaluating VR designs and avatar embodiment aiming at mental health, as even a scenario as close to reality as possible can distract users from their internal body signals.

@inproceedings{dollinger2023embodied, abstract = {Virtual Reality (VR) allows us to replace our visible body with a virtual self-representation (avatar) and to explore its effects on our body perception. While the feeling of owning and controlling a virtual body is widely researched, how VR affects the awareness of internal body signals (body awareness) remains open. Forty participants performed moving meditation tasks in reality and VR, either facing their mirror image or not. Both the virtual environment and avatars photorealistically matched their real counterparts. We found a negative effect of VR on body awareness, mediated by feeling embodied in and changed by the avatar. Further, we revealed a negative effect of a mirror on body awareness. Our results indicate that assessing body awareness should be essential in evaluating VR designs and avatar embodiment aiming at mental health, as even a scenario as close to reality as possible can distract users from their internal body signals.}, author = {Döllinger, Nina and Wolf, Erik and Botsch, Mario and Latoschik, Marc Erich and Wienrich, Carolin}, booktitle = {2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems}, keywords = {vitras}, note = {Honorable Mention 🏆}, pages = {1-14}, title = {Are Embodied Avatars Harmful to our Self-Experience? The Impact of Virtual Embodiment on Body Awareness}, year = 2023 }
MAILS - Meta AI Literacy Scale: Development and Testing of an AI Literacy Questionnaire Based on Well-Founded Competency Models and Psychological Change- and Meta-Competencies. Carolus, Astrid; Koch, Martin J.; Straka, Samantha; Latoschik, Marc Erich; Wienrich, Carolin. In Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans, 1(2), p. 100014. 2023.
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Valid measurement of AI literacy is important for the selection of personnel, identification of shortages in skill and knowledge, and evaluation of AI literacy interventions. A questionnaire is missing that is deeply grounded in the existing literature on AI literacy, is modularly applicable depending on the goals, and includes further psychological competencies in addition to the typical facets of AIL. This paper presents the development and validation of a questionnaire considering the desiderata described above. We derived items to represent different facets of AI literacy and psychological competencies, such as problem-solving, learning, and emotion regulation in regard to AI. We collected data from 300 German-speaking adults to confirm the factorial structure. The result is the Meta AI Literacy Scale (MAILS) for AI literacy with the facets Use & apply AI, Understand AI, Detect AI, and AI Ethics and the ability to Create AI as a separate construct, and AI Self-efficacy in learning and problem-solving and AI Self-management (i.e., AI persuasion literacy and emotion regulation). This study contributes to the research on AI literacy by providing a measurement instrument relying on profound competency models. Psy chological competencies are included particularly important in the context of pervasive change through AI systems.

@article{carolus2023mails, abstract = {Valid measurement of AI literacy is important for the selection of personnel, identification of shortages in skill and knowledge, and evaluation of AI literacy interventions. A questionnaire is missing that is deeply grounded in the existing literature on AI literacy, is modularly applicable depending on the goals, and includes further psychological competencies in addition to the typical facets of AIL. This paper presents the development and validation of a questionnaire considering the desiderata described above. We derived items to represent different facets of AI literacy and psychological competencies, such as problem-solving, learning, and emotion regulation in regard to AI. We collected data from 300 German-speaking adults to confirm the factorial structure. The result is the Meta AI Literacy Scale (MAILS) for AI literacy with the facets Use & apply AI, Understand AI, Detect AI, and AI Ethics and the ability to Create AI as a separate construct, and AI Self-efficacy in learning and problem-solving and AI Self-management (i.e., AI persuasion literacy and emotion regulation). This study contributes to the research on AI literacy by providing a measurement instrument relying on profound competency models. Psy chological competencies are included particularly important in the context of pervasive change through AI systems.}, author = {Carolus, Astrid and Koch, Martin J. and Straka, Samantha and Latoschik, Marc Erich and Wienrich, Carolin}, journal = {Computers in Human Behavior: Artificial Humans}, keywords = {aiatwork}, month = {08}, number = 2, pages = 100014, title = {MAILS - Meta AI Literacy Scale: Development and Testing of an AI Literacy Questionnaire Based on Well-Founded Competency Models and Psychological Change- and Meta-Competencies}, type = {Publication}, volume = 1, year = 2023 }
Long-Term Effects of Perceived Friendship with Intelligent Voice Assistants on Usage Behavior, User Experience, and Social Perceptions. Wienrich, C.; Carolus, A.; Markus, A.; Augustin, Y.; Pfister, J.; Hotho, A. In Computers, 12(4), p. 77. 2023.
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@article{noauthororeditor2023longterm, author = {Wienrich, C. and Carolus, A. and Markus, A. and Augustin, Y. and Pfister, J. and Hotho, A.}, journal = {Computers}, keywords = {aiatwork}, number = 4, pages = 77, title = {Long-Term Effects of Perceived Friendship with Intelligent Voice Assistants on Usage Behavior, User Experience, and Social Perceptions}, volume = 12, year = 2023 }
Long-Term Effects of Perceived Friendship with Intelligent Voice Assistants on Usage Behavior, User Experience, and Social Perceptions. Wienrich, Carolin; Carolus, Astrid; Markus, André; Augustin, Yannik; Pfister, Jan; Hotho, Andreas. In Computers, 12(4), p. 77. 2023.
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Social patterns and roles can develop when users talk to intelligent voice assistants (IVAs) daily. The current study investigates whether users assign different roles to devices and how this affects their usage behavior, user experience, and social perceptions. Since social roles take time to establish, we equipped 106 participants with Alexa or Google assistants and some smart home devices and observed their interactions for nine months. We analyzed diverse subjective (questionnaire) and objective data (interaction data). By combining social science and data science analyses, we identified two distinct clusters—users who assigned a friendship role to IVAs over time and users who did not. Interestingly, these clusters exhibited significant differences in their usage behavior, user experience, and social perceptions of the devices. For example, participants who assigned a role to IVAs attributed more friendship to them used them more frequently, reported more enjoyment during interactions, and perceived more empathy for IVAs. In addition, these users had distinct personal requirements, for example, they reported more loneliness. This study provides valuable insights into the role-specific effects and consequences of voice assistants. Recent developments in conversational language models such as ChatGPT suggest that the findings of this study could make an important contribution to the design of dialogic human–AI interactions.

@article{noauthororeditor2023longterm, abstract = {Social patterns and roles can develop when users talk to intelligent voice assistants (IVAs) daily. The current study investigates whether users assign different roles to devices and how this affects their usage behavior, user experience, and social perceptions. Since social roles take time to establish, we equipped 106 participants with Alexa or Google assistants and some smart home devices and observed their interactions for nine months. We analyzed diverse subjective (questionnaire) and objective data (interaction data). By combining social science and data science analyses, we identified two distinct clusters—users who assigned a friendship role to IVAs over time and users who did not. Interestingly, these clusters exhibited significant differences in their usage behavior, user experience, and social perceptions of the devices. For example, participants who assigned a role to IVAs attributed more friendship to them used them more frequently, reported more enjoyment during interactions, and perceived more empathy for IVAs. In addition, these users had distinct personal requirements, for example, they reported more loneliness. This study provides valuable insights into the role-specific effects and consequences of voice assistants. Recent developments in conversational language models such as ChatGPT suggest that the findings of this study could make an important contribution to the design of dialogic human–AI interactions.}, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Carolus, Astrid and Markus, André and Augustin, Yannik and Pfister, Jan and Hotho, Andreas}, journal = {Computers}, keywords = {a.carolus}, number = 4, pages = 77, title = {Long-Term Effects of Perceived Friendship with Intelligent Voice Assistants on Usage Behavior, User Experience, and Social Perceptions}, volume = 12, year = 2023 }
Virtual Reality im modernen Englischunterricht und das Potenzial für Inter- und Transkulturelles Lernen - Eine Pilotstudie. Hein, Rebecca; Steinbock, Jeanine; Eisenmann, Maria; Latoschik, Marc Erich; Wienrich, Carolin. In MedienPädagogik: Zeitschrift für Theorie Und Praxis Der Medienbildung, 51, M. Mulders; J. Buchner; A. Dengel; R. Zender (eds.), pp. 191–213. 2023.
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Dieser Beitrag präsentiert die Ergebnisse des Seminarkonzepts und der durchgeführten Begleitforschung zum inter- und transkulturellen Lernen in Virtual Reality (VR). Im Rahmen eines Universitätsseminars entwarfen TEFL-Studierende (Teaching English as a Foreign Language) Unterrichtsstunden für fortgeschrittene Lernende des Faches Englisch der gymnasialen Oberstufe, die sich mit der Entwicklung von Empathie und der Fähigkeit zur Perspektivübernahme in interkulturellen Kommunikations- und Austauschsituationen befassten. Der Fokus des Konzepts lag dabei auf dem Verständnis und der Annahme kultureller Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede. Hier werden beispielhaft zwei der erstellten Unterrichtsentwürfe für VR Interventionen vorgestellt und diskutiert. Begleitend zum Seminar wurden empirische Daten erhoben. Zum einen wurde das Potenzial des InteractionSuitcase (eine Sammlung virtueller Objekte) von den Studierenden bewertet. Zum anderen wurde explorativ eine qualitative Methode zur Messung interkultureller Kompetenz (Autobiography of Intercultural Encounters) getestet. Die Ergebnisse dieser explorativen Pilotstudie zeigen, dass die Interaktion mit dem InteractionSuitcase von den Studierenden als intuitiv und gewinnbringend für die Konzeption von Unterrichtskonzepten bewertet wurde. Dennoch integrierten die Studierenden die Manipulation der virtuellen Avatare häufiger im Gegensatz zum InteractionSuitcase in die Unterrichtskonzepte. Der Beitrag verfolgt das Ziel, das Potenzial von VR für inter- und transkulturelles Lernen im gymnasialen Englischunterricht zu identifizieren.

@article{noauthororeditor, abstract = {Dieser Beitrag präsentiert die Ergebnisse des Seminarkonzepts und der durchgeführten Begleitforschung zum inter- und transkulturellen Lernen in Virtual Reality (VR). Im Rahmen eines Universitätsseminars entwarfen TEFL-Studierende (Teaching English as a Foreign Language) Unterrichtsstunden für fortgeschrittene Lernende des Faches Englisch der gymnasialen Oberstufe, die sich mit der Entwicklung von Empathie und der Fähigkeit zur Perspektivübernahme in interkulturellen Kommunikations- und Austauschsituationen befassten. Der Fokus des Konzepts lag dabei auf dem Verständnis und der Annahme kultureller Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede. Hier werden beispielhaft zwei der erstellten Unterrichtsentwürfe für VR Interventionen vorgestellt und diskutiert. Begleitend zum Seminar wurden empirische Daten erhoben. Zum einen wurde das Potenzial des InteractionSuitcase (eine Sammlung virtueller Objekte) von den Studierenden bewertet. Zum anderen wurde explorativ eine qualitative Methode zur Messung interkultureller Kompetenz (Autobiography of Intercultural Encounters) getestet. Die Ergebnisse dieser explorativen Pilotstudie zeigen, dass die Interaktion mit dem InteractionSuitcase von den Studierenden als intuitiv und gewinnbringend für die Konzeption von Unterrichtskonzepten bewertet wurde. Dennoch integrierten die Studierenden die Manipulation der virtuellen Avatare häufiger im Gegensatz zum InteractionSuitcase in die Unterrichtskonzepte. Der Beitrag verfolgt das Ziel, das Potenzial von VR für inter- und transkulturelles Lernen im gymnasialen Englischunterricht zu identifizieren.}, author = {Hein, Rebecca and Steinbock, Jeanine and Eisenmann, Maria and Latoschik, Marc Erich and Wienrich, Carolin}, editor = {Mulders, Miriam and Buchner, Josef and Dengel, Andreas and Zender, Raphael}, journal = {MedienPädagogik: Zeitschrift für Theorie Und Praxis Der Medienbildung}, keywords = {coteach}, pages = {191-213}, title = {Virtual Reality im modernen Englischunterricht und das Potenzial für Inter- und Transkulturelles Lernen - Eine Pilotstudie}, volume = 51, year = 2023 }
A Systematic Evaluation of Incongruencies and Their Influence on Plausibility in Virtual Reality. Brübach, Larissa; Westermeier, Franziska; Wienrich, Carolin; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR), of ISMAR ’23, pp. 894–901. IEEE Computer Society, 2023.
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Currently, there is an ongoing debate about the influencing factors of one's extended reality (XR) experience. Plausibility, congruence, and their role have recently gained more and more attention. One of the latest models to describe XR experiences, the Congruence and Plausibility model (CaP), puts plausibility and congruence right in the center. However, it is unclear what influence they have on the overall XR experience and what influences our perceived plausibility rating. In this paper, we implemented four different incongruencies within a virtual reality scene using breaks in plausibility as an analogy to breaks in presence. These manipulations were either located on the cognitive or perceptual layer of the CaP model. They were also either connected to the task at hand or not. We tested these manipulations in a virtual bowling environment to see which influence they had. Our results show that manipulations connected to the task caused a lower perceived plausibility. Additionally, cognitive manipulations seem to have a larger influence than perceptual manipulations. We were able to cause a break in plausibility with one of our incongruencies. These results show a first direction on how the influence of plausibility in XR can be systematically investigated in the future.

@inproceedings{brubach2023systematic, abstract = {Currently, there is an ongoing debate about the influencing factors of one's extended reality (XR) experience. Plausibility, congruence, and their role have recently gained more and more attention. One of the latest models to describe XR experiences, the Congruence and Plausibility model (CaP), puts plausibility and congruence right in the center. However, it is unclear what influence they have on the overall XR experience and what influences our perceived plausibility rating. In this paper, we implemented four different incongruencies within a virtual reality scene using breaks in plausibility as an analogy to breaks in presence. These manipulations were either located on the cognitive or perceptual layer of the CaP model. They were also either connected to the task at hand or not. We tested these manipulations in a virtual bowling environment to see which influence they had. Our results show that manipulations connected to the task caused a lower perceived plausibility. Additionally, cognitive manipulations seem to have a larger influence than perceptual manipulations. We were able to cause a break in plausibility with one of our incongruencies. These results show a first direction on how the influence of plausibility in XR can be systematically investigated in the future.}, author = {Brübach, Larissa and Westermeier, Franziska and Wienrich, Carolin and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, booktitle = {2023 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR)}, keywords = {xrhub}, pages = {894-901}, publisher = {IEEE Computer Society}, series = {ISMAR '23}, title = {A Systematic Evaluation of Incongruencies and Their Influence on Plausibility in Virtual Reality}, year = 2023 }
“If It’s Not Me It Doesn’t Make a Difference” – The Impact of Avatar Personalization on User Experience and Body Awareness in Virtual Reality. Döllinger, Nina; Beck, Matthias; Wolf, Erik; Mal, David; Botsch, Mario; Latoschik, Marc Erich; Wienrich, Carolin. In 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR), pp. 483–492. 2023.
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Body awareness is relevant for the efficacy of psychotherapy. However, previous work on virtual reality (VR) and avatar-assisted therapy has often overlooked it. We investigated the effect of avatar individualization on body awareness in the context of VR-specific user experience, including sense of embodiment (SoE), plausibility, and sense of presence (SoP). In a between-subject design, 86 participants embodied three avatar types and engaged in VR movement exercises. The avatars were (1) generic and gender-matched, (2) customized from a set of pre-existing options, or (3) personalized photorealistic scans. Compared to the other conditions, participants with personalized avatars reported increased SoE, yet higher eeriness and reduced body awareness. Further, SoE and SoP positively correlated with body awareness across conditions. Our results indicate that VR user experience and body awareness do not always dovetail and do not necessarily predict each other. Future research should work towards a balance between body awareness and SoE.

@inproceedings{dollinger2023doesnt, abstract = {Body awareness is relevant for the efficacy of psychotherapy. However, previous work on virtual reality (VR) and avatar-assisted therapy has often overlooked it. We investigated the effect of avatar individualization on body awareness in the context of VR-specific user experience, including sense of embodiment (SoE), plausibility, and sense of presence (SoP). In a between-subject design, 86 participants embodied three avatar types and engaged in VR movement exercises. The avatars were (1) generic and gender-matched, (2) customized from a set of pre-existing options, or (3) personalized photorealistic scans. Compared to the other conditions, participants with personalized avatars reported increased SoE, yet higher eeriness and reduced body awareness. Further, SoE and SoP positively correlated with body awareness across conditions. Our results indicate that VR user experience and body awareness do not always dovetail and do not necessarily predict each other. Future research should work towards a balance between body awareness and SoE.}, author = {Döllinger, Nina and Beck, Matthias and Wolf, Erik and Mal, David and Botsch, Mario and Latoschik, Marc Erich and Wienrich, Carolin}, booktitle = {2023 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR)}, keywords = {dmal}, pages = {483-492}, title = {“If It’s Not Me It Doesn’t Make a Difference” – The Impact of Avatar Personalization on User Experience and Body Awareness in Virtual Reality}, year = 2023 }
Embodiment and Personalization for Self-Identification with Virtual Humans. Fiedler, Marie Luisa; Wolf, Erik; Döllinger, Nina; Botsch, Mario; Latoschik, Marc Erich; Wienrich, Carolin. In 2023 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW), pp. 799–800. 2023.
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Our work investigates the impact of virtual human embodiment and personalization on the sense of embodiment (SoE) and self-identification (SI). We introduce preliminary items to query self-similarity (SS) and self-attribution (SA) with virtual humans as dimensions of SI. In our study, 64 participants successively observed personalized and generic-looking virtual humans, either as embodied avatars in a virtual mirror or as agents while performing tasks. They reported significantly higher SoE and SI when facing personalized virtual humans and significantly higher SoE and SA when facing embodied avatars, indicating that both factors have strong separate and complimentary influence on SoE and SI.

@inproceedings{fiedler2023selfidentification, abstract = {Our work investigates the impact of virtual human embodiment and personalization on the sense of embodiment (SoE) and self-identification (SI). We introduce preliminary items to query self-similarity (SS) and self-attribution (SA) with virtual humans as dimensions of SI. In our study, 64 participants successively observed personalized and generic-looking virtual humans, either as embodied avatars in a virtual mirror or as agents while performing tasks. They reported significantly higher SoE and SI when facing personalized virtual humans and significantly higher SoE and SA when facing embodied avatars, indicating that both factors have strong separate and complimentary influence on SoE and SI.}, author = {Fiedler, Marie Luisa and Wolf, Erik and Döllinger, Nina and Botsch, Mario and Latoschik, Marc Erich and Wienrich, Carolin}, booktitle = {2023 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW)}, keywords = {mfiedler}, pages = {799-800}, title = {Embodiment and Personalization for Self-Identification with Virtual Humans}, year = 2023 }
A Virtualized Augmented Reality Simulation for Exploring Perceptual Incongruencies. Westermeier, Franziska; Brübach, Larissa; Wienrich, Carolin; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In Proceedings of the 29th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, of VRST ’23. Association for Computing Machinery, Christchurch, New Zealand, 2023.
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When blending virtual and physical content, certain incongruencies emerge from hardware limitations, inaccurate tracking, or different appearances of virtual and physical content. They restrain us from perceiving virtual and physical content as one experience. Hence, it is crucial to investigate these issues to determine how they influence our experience. We present a virtualized augmented reality simulation that can systematically examine single incongruencies or different configurations.

@inproceedings{westermeier2023virtualized, abstract = {When blending virtual and physical content, certain incongruencies emerge from hardware limitations, inaccurate tracking, or different appearances of virtual and physical content. They restrain us from perceiving virtual and physical content as one experience. Hence, it is crucial to investigate these issues to determine how they influence our experience. We present a virtualized augmented reality simulation that can systematically examine single incongruencies or different configurations.}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, author = {Westermeier, Franziska and Brübach, Larissa and Wienrich, Carolin and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 29th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology}, keywords = {xrhub}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, series = {VRST '23}, title = {A Virtualized Augmented Reality Simulation for Exploring Perceptual Incongruencies}, year = 2023 }
The Impact of Avatar and Environment Congruence on Plausibility, Embodiment, Presence, and the Proteus Effect in Virtual Reality. Mal, David; Wolf, Erik; Döllinger, Nina; Wienrich, Carolin; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 29(5), pp. 2358–2368. 2023.
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Many studies show the significance of the Proteus effect for serious virtual reality applications. The present study extends the existing knowledge by considering the relationship (congruence) between the self-embodiment (avatar) and the virtual environment. We investigated the impact of avatar and environment types and their congruence on avatar plausibility, sense of embodiment, spatial presence, and the Proteus effect. In a 2 × 2 between-subjects design, participants embodied either an avatar in sports- or business wear in a semantic congruent or incongruent environment while performing lightweight exercises in virtual reality. The avatar-environment congruence significantly affected the avatar’s plausibility but not the sense of embodiment or spatial presence. However, a significant Proteus effect emerged only for participants who reported a high feeling of (virtual) body ownership, indicating that a strong sense of having and owning a virtual body is key to facilitating the Proteus effect. We discuss the results assuming current theories of bottom-up and top-down determinants of the Proteus effect and thus contribute to understanding its underlying mechanisms and determinants.

@article{mal2023impact, abstract = {Many studies show the significance of the Proteus effect for serious virtual reality applications. The present study extends the existing knowledge by considering the relationship (congruence) between the self-embodiment (avatar) and the virtual environment. We investigated the impact of avatar and environment types and their congruence on avatar plausibility, sense of embodiment, spatial presence, and the Proteus effect. In a 2 × 2 between-subjects design, participants embodied either an avatar in sports- or business wear in a semantic congruent or incongruent environment while performing lightweight exercises in virtual reality. The avatar-environment congruence significantly affected the avatar’s plausibility but not the sense of embodiment or spatial presence. However, a significant Proteus effect emerged only for participants who reported a high feeling of (virtual) body ownership, indicating that a strong sense of having and owning a virtual body is key to facilitating the Proteus effect. We discuss the results assuming current theories of bottom-up and top-down determinants of the Proteus effect and thus contribute to understanding its underlying mechanisms and determinants.}, author = {Mal, David and Wolf, Erik and Döllinger, Nina and Wienrich, Carolin and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics}, keywords = {dmal}, number = 5, pages = {2358-2368}, title = {The Impact of Avatar and Environment Congruence on Plausibility, Embodiment, Presence, and the Proteus Effect in Virtual Reality}, volume = 29, year = 2023 }

2022[ to top ]

AI Literacy: Kompetenzdimensionen und Einflussfaktoren im Kontext von Arbeit. Wienrich, Carolin; Carolus, Astrid; Markus, André; Augustin, Yannik. Vol. 1, pp. 1–24. 2022.
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@standard{wienrich2022literacy, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Carolus, Astrid and Markus, André and Augustin, Yannik}, howpublished = {Working Paper}, institution = {KI-Observatorium des Bundesministeriums für Arbeit und Soziales}, keywords = {AI_Literacy}, number = 1, pages = {1-24}, title = {AI Literacy: Kompetenzdimensionen und Einflussfaktoren im Kontext von Arbeit}, type = {Publication}, volume = 1, year = 2022 }
AI Literacy: Kompetenzdimensionen und Einflussfaktoren im Kontext von Arbeit. Wienrich, C.; Carolus, A.; Markus, A.; Augustin, Y. Vol. 1, pp. 1–24. 2022.
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@standard{wienrich2022literacy, author = {Wienrich, C. and Carolus, A. and Markus, A. and Augustin, Y.}, howpublished = {Working Paper}, institution = {KI-Observatorium des Bundesministeriums für Arbeit und Soziales}, keywords = {aiatwork}, number = 1, pages = {1-24}, title = {AI Literacy: Kompetenzdimensionen und Einflussfaktoren im Kontext von Arbeit}, type = {Publication}, volume = 1, year = 2022 }
Inter- and Transcultural Learning in Social Virtual Reality: A Proposal for an Inter- and Transcultural Virtual Object Database to be Used in the Implementation, Reflection, and Evaluation of Virtual Encounters. Hein, Rebecca M.; Latoschik, Marc Erich; Wienrich, Carolin. In Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, 6(7), F. L. {Mark Billinghurst; M.-C. Su (eds.), p. 50. 2022.
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Visual stimuli are frequently used to improve memory, language learning or perception, and understanding of metacognitive processes. However, in virtual reality (VR), there are few systematically and empirically derived databases. This paper proposes the first collection of virtual objects based on empirical evaluation for inter-and transcultural encounters between English- and German-speaking learners. We used explicit and implicit measurement methods to identify cultural associations and the degree of stereotypical perception for each virtual stimuli (n = 293) through two online studies, including native German and English-speaking participants. The analysis resulted in a final well-describable database of 128 objects (called InteractionSuitcase). In future applications, the objects can be used as a great interaction or conversation asset and behavioral measurement tool in social VR applications, especially in the field of foreign language education. For example, encounters can use the objects to describe their culture, or teachers can intuitively assess stereotyped attitudes of the encounters.

@article{mti6070050, abstract = {Visual stimuli are frequently used to improve memory, language learning or perception, and understanding of metacognitive processes. However, in virtual reality (VR), there are few systematically and empirically derived databases. This paper proposes the first collection of virtual objects based on empirical evaluation for inter-and transcultural encounters between English- and German-speaking learners. We used explicit and implicit measurement methods to identify cultural associations and the degree of stereotypical perception for each virtual stimuli (n = 293) through two online studies, including native German and English-speaking participants. The analysis resulted in a final well-describable database of 128 objects (called InteractionSuitcase). In future applications, the objects can be used as a great interaction or conversation asset and behavioral measurement tool in social VR applications, especially in the field of foreign language education. For example, encounters can use the objects to describe their culture, or teachers can intuitively assess stereotyped attitudes of the encounters.}, author = {Hein, Rebecca M. and Latoschik, Marc Erich and Wienrich, Carolin}, editor = {{Mark Billinghurst, Fotis Liarokapis}, Lars Erik Holmquist and Su, Mu-Chun}, journal = {Multimodal Technologies and Interaction}, keywords = {coteach}, number = 7, pages = 50, title = {Inter- and Transcultural Learning in Social Virtual Reality: A Proposal for an Inter- and Transcultural Virtual Object Database to be Used in the Implementation, Reflection, and Evaluation of Virtual Encounters}, volume = 6, year = 2022 }
Virtual Human Coherence and Plausibility – Towards a Validated Scale. Mal, David; Wolf, Erik; Döllinger, Nina; Botsch, Mario; Wienrich, Carolin; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In 2022 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW), pp. 788–789. 2022.
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Virtual humans contribute to users’ state of plausibility in various XR applications. We present the development and preliminary evaluation of a self-assessment questionnaire to quantify virtual human’s plausibility in virtual environments based on eleven concise items. A principal component analysis of 650 appraisals collected in an online survey revealed two highly reliable components within the items. We interpret the components as possible factors, i.e., appearance and behavior plausibility and match to the virtual environment, and propose future work aiming towards a standardized virtual human plausibility scale by validating the structure and sensitivity of both sub-components in XR environments.

@inproceedings{mal2022virtual, abstract = {Virtual humans contribute to users’ state of plausibility in various XR applications. We present the development and preliminary evaluation of a self-assessment questionnaire to quantify virtual human’s plausibility in virtual environments based on eleven concise items. A principal component analysis of 650 appraisals collected in an online survey revealed two highly reliable components within the items. We interpret the components as possible factors, i.e., appearance and behavior plausibility and match to the virtual environment, and propose future work aiming towards a standardized virtual human plausibility scale by validating the structure and sensitivity of both sub-components in XR environments.}, author = {Mal, David and Wolf, Erik and Döllinger, Nina and Botsch, Mario and Wienrich, Carolin and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, booktitle = {2022 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW)}, keywords = {dmal}, pages = {788-789}, title = {Virtual Human Coherence and Plausibility – Towards a Validated Scale}, year = 2022 }
Virtual Reality im modernen Englischunterricht und das Potenzial für Inter- und Transkulturelles Lernen. Hein, Rebecca; Steinbock, Jeanine; Eisenmann, Maria; Wienrich, Carolin; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In MedienPädagogik Zeitschrift für Theorie und Praxis der Medienbildung, 47, pp. 246–266. 2022.
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- [ URL ]
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@article{hein2021medienpaed, author = {Hein, Rebecca and Steinbock, Jeanine and Eisenmann, Maria and Wienrich, Carolin and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, journal = {MedienPädagogik Zeitschrift für Theorie und Praxis der Medienbildung}, keywords = {coteach}, pages = {246-266}, title = {Virtual Reality im modernen Englischunterricht und das Potenzial für Inter- und Transkulturelles Lernen}, volume = 47, year = 2022 }
Digital interaction literacy model. Conceptualizing competencies for literate interactions with voice-based AI systems. Carolus, A.; Augustin, Y.; Markus, A.; Wienrich, C. In Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, p. 100114. Elsevier BV, 2022.
- [ BibTeX ]
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@article{Carolus_2022, author = {Carolus, A. and Augustin, Y. and Markus, A. and Wienrich, C.}, journal = {Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence}, keywords = {aiatwork}, month = 12, pages = 100114, publisher = {Elsevier BV}, title = {Digital interaction literacy model. Conceptualizing competencies for literate interactions with voice-based AI systems}, year = 2022 }
Resize Me! Exploring the User Experience of Embodied Realistic Modulatable Avatars for Body Image Intervention in Virtual Reality. Döllinger, Nina; Wolf, Erik; Mal, David; Wenninger, Stephan; Botsch, Mario; Latoschik, Marc Erich; Wienrich, Carolin. In Frontiers in Virtual Reality, 3. 2022.
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Obesity is a serious disease that can affect both physical and psychological well-being. Due to weight stigmatization, many affected individuals suffer from body image disturbances whereby they perceive their body in a distorted way, evaluate it negatively, or neglect it. Beyond established interventions such as mirror exposure, recent advancements aim to complement body image treatments by the embodiment of visually altered virtual bodies in virtual reality (VR). We present a high-fidelity prototype of an advanced VR system that allows users to embody a rapidly generated personalized, photorealistic avatar and to realistically modulate its body weight in real-time within a carefully designed virtual environment. In a formative multi-method approach, a total of 12 participants rated the general user experience (UX) of our system during body scan and VR experience using semi-structured qualitative interviews and multiple quantitative UX measures. Using body weight modification tasks, we further compared three different interaction methods for real-time body weight modification and measured our system’s impact on the body image relevant measures body awareness and body weight perception. From the feedback received, demonstrating an already solid UX of our overall system and providing constructive input for further improvement, we derived a set of design guidelines to guide future development and evaluation processes of systems supporting body image interventions.

@article{dollinger2022resizeme, abstract = {Obesity is a serious disease that can affect both physical and psychological well-being. Due to weight stigmatization, many affected individuals suffer from body image disturbances whereby they perceive their body in a distorted way, evaluate it negatively, or neglect it. Beyond established interventions such as mirror exposure, recent advancements aim to complement body image treatments by the embodiment of visually altered virtual bodies in virtual reality (VR). We present a high-fidelity prototype of an advanced VR system that allows users to embody a rapidly generated personalized, photorealistic avatar and to realistically modulate its body weight in real-time within a carefully designed virtual environment. In a formative multi-method approach, a total of 12 participants rated the general user experience (UX) of our system during body scan and VR experience using semi-structured qualitative interviews and multiple quantitative UX measures. Using body weight modification tasks, we further compared three different interaction methods for real-time body weight modification and measured our system’s impact on the body image relevant measures body awareness and body weight perception. From the feedback received, demonstrating an already solid UX of our overall system and providing constructive input for further improvement, we derived a set of design guidelines to guide future development and evaluation processes of systems supporting body image interventions.}, author = {Döllinger, Nina and Wolf, Erik and Mal, David and Wenninger, Stephan and Botsch, Mario and Latoschik, Marc Erich and Wienrich, Carolin}, journal = {Frontiers in Virtual Reality}, keywords = {dmal}, title = {Resize Me! Exploring the User Experience of Embodied Realistic Modulatable Avatars for Body Image Intervention in Virtual Reality}, volume = 3, year = 2022 }
Usability and User Experience of Virtual Objects Supporting Learning and Communicating in Virtual Reality. Hein, Rebecca; Latoschik, Marc Erich; Wienrich, Carolin. In Mensch und Computer 2022 - Tagungsband, B. Pfleging, K. Gerling, S. Mayer (eds.), pp. 510–514. ACM, New York, 2022.
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This study aims to evaluate the usability and user experience of the InteractionSuitecase. This is a collection of virtual objects that have cultural connotations (associated with German or Anglo-American culture). They are intended to promote communication about cultural differences and similarities in English lessons at German schools. They are thus part of a didactic concept for using social VR for trans- and intercultural learning. Future teacher used the virtual objects during a practical seminar and rated them as useful. Further they associates a positive user experience. Since the virtual objects should encourage communication, the sense of connectedness instead of isolation is a very important results. The results proved the readiness of the InteractionSuitcase for further pedagogical applications.

@inproceedings{mci/Hein2022, abstract = {This study aims to evaluate the usability and user experience of the InteractionSuitecase. This is a collection of virtual objects that have cultural connotations (associated with German or Anglo-American culture). They are intended to promote communication about cultural differences and similarities in English lessons at German schools. They are thus part of a didactic concept for using social VR for trans- and intercultural learning. Future teacher used the virtual objects during a practical seminar and rated them as useful. Further they associates a positive user experience. Since the virtual objects should encourage communication, the sense of connectedness instead of isolation is a very important results. The results proved the readiness of the InteractionSuitcase for further pedagogical applications.}, address = {New York}, author = {Hein, Rebecca and Latoschik, Marc Erich and Wienrich, Carolin}, booktitle = {Mensch und Computer 2022 - Tagungsband}, editor = {Pfleging, Bastian and Gerling, Kathrin and Mayer, Sven}, keywords = {coteach}, pages = {510-514}, publisher = {ACM}, title = {Usability and User Experience of Virtual Objects Supporting Learning and Communicating in Virtual Reality}, year = 2022 }
Self-Touch: An Immersive Interaction-Technique to Enhance Body Awareness. Keppler, Sebastian; Döllinger, Nina; Wienrich, Carolin; Latoschik, Marc Erich; Israel, Johann Habakuk. In i-com, 21(3), pp. 329–337. 2022.
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Physical well-being depends essentially on how the own body is perceived. A missing correspondence between the perception of one’s own body and reality can be distressing and eventually lead to mental illness. The touch of the own body is a multi-sensory experience to strengthen the feeling of the own body. We have developed an interaction technique that allows the self-touch of the own body in an immersive environment to support therapy procedures. Through additional visual feedback, we want to strengthen the feeling for the own body to achieve a sustainable effect in the own body perception. We conducted an expert evaluation to analyse the potential impact of our application and to localize and fix possible usability problems. The experts noted the ease of understanding and suitability of the interaction technique for increasing body awareness. However, the technical challenges such as stable and accurate body tracking were also mentioned. In addition, new ideas were given that would further support body awareness.

@article{KepplerDöllingerWienrichLatoschikIsrael+2022+329+337, abstract = {Physical well-being depends essentially on how the own body is perceived. A missing correspondence between the perception of one’s own body and reality can be distressing and eventually lead to mental illness. The touch of the own body is a multi-sensory experience to strengthen the feeling of the own body. We have developed an interaction technique that allows the self-touch of the own body in an immersive environment to support therapy procedures. Through additional visual feedback, we want to strengthen the feeling for the own body to achieve a sustainable effect in the own body perception. We conducted an expert evaluation to analyse the potential impact of our application and to localize and fix possible usability problems. The experts noted the ease of understanding and suitability of the interaction technique for increasing body awareness. However, the technical challenges such as stable and accurate body tracking were also mentioned. In addition, new ideas were given that would further support body awareness.}, author = {Keppler, Sebastian and Döllinger, Nina and Wienrich, Carolin and Latoschik, Marc Erich and Israel, Johann Habakuk}, journal = {i-com}, keywords = {vitras}, number = 3, pages = {329–337}, title = {Self-Touch: An Immersive Interaction-Technique to Enhance Body Awareness}, volume = 21, year = 2022 }
Analyzing Eye Tracking Data in Mirror Exposure. Döllinger, Nina; Göttfert, Christopher; Wolf, Erik; Mal, David; Latoschik, Marc Erich; Wienrich, Carolin. In 2022 Conference on Mensch und Computer, pp. 513–517. 2022.
- [ Abstract ]
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Mirror exposure is an important method in the treatment of body image disturbances. Eye tracking can support the unaffected assessment of attention biases during mirror exposure. However, the analysis of eye tracking data in mirror exposure comes with various difficulties and is associated with a high manual workload during data processing. We present an automated data processing framework that enables us to determine any body part as an area of interest without placing markers on the bodies of participants. A short, formative user study proved the quality compared to the gold standard. The automatic processing and openness for different systems allow a broad range of applications.

@inproceedings{dollinger2022eyetracking, abstract = {Mirror exposure is an important method in the treatment of body image disturbances. Eye tracking can support the unaffected assessment of attention biases during mirror exposure. However, the analysis of eye tracking data in mirror exposure comes with various difficulties and is associated with a high manual workload during data processing. We present an automated data processing framework that enables us to determine any body part as an area of interest without placing markers on the bodies of participants. A short, formative user study proved the quality compared to the gold standard. The automatic processing and openness for different systems allow a broad range of applications.}, author = {Döllinger, Nina and Göttfert, Christopher and Wolf, Erik and Mal, David and Latoschik, Marc Erich and Wienrich, Carolin}, booktitle = {2022 Conference on Mensch und Computer}, keywords = {dmal}, pages = {513–517}, title = {Analyzing Eye Tracking Data in Mirror Exposure}, year = 2022 }
Inter- and Transcultural Learning in Social Virtual Reality: A Proposal for an Inter- and Transcultural Virtual Object Database to be Used in the Implementation, Reflection, and Evaluation of Virtual Encounters. Hein, Rebecca M.; Latoschik, Marc Erich; Wienrich, Carolin. In Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, 6(7), F. L. {Mark Billinghurst; M.-C. Su (eds.), p. 50. 2022.
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Visual stimuli are frequently used to improve memory, language learning or perception, and understanding of metacognitive processes. However, in virtual reality (VR), there are few systematically and empirically derived databases. This paper proposes the first collection of virtual objects based on empirical evaluation for inter-and transcultural encounters between English- and German-speaking learners. We used explicit and implicit measurement methods to identify cultural associations and the degree of stereotypical perception for each virtual stimuli (n = 293) through two online studies, including native German and English-speaking participants. The analysis resulted in a final well-describable database of 128 objects (called InteractionSuitcase). In future applications, the objects can be used as a great interaction or conversation asset and behavioral measurement tool in social VR applications, especially in the field of foreign language education. For example, encounters can use the objects to describe their culture, or teachers can intuitively assess stereotyped attitudes of the encounters.

@article{mti6070050, abstract = {Visual stimuli are frequently used to improve memory, language learning or perception, and understanding of metacognitive processes. However, in virtual reality (VR), there are few systematically and empirically derived databases. This paper proposes the first collection of virtual objects based on empirical evaluation for inter-and transcultural encounters between English- and German-speaking learners. We used explicit and implicit measurement methods to identify cultural associations and the degree of stereotypical perception for each virtual stimuli (n = 293) through two online studies, including native German and English-speaking participants. The analysis resulted in a final well-describable database of 128 objects (called InteractionSuitcase). In future applications, the objects can be used as a great interaction or conversation asset and behavioral measurement tool in social VR applications, especially in the field of foreign language education. For example, encounters can use the objects to describe their culture, or teachers can intuitively assess stereotyped attitudes of the encounters.}, author = {Hein, Rebecca M. and Latoschik, Marc Erich and Wienrich, Carolin}, editor = {{Mark Billinghurst, Fotis Liarokapis}, Lars Erik Holmquist and Su, Mu-Chun}, journal = {Multimodal Technologies and Interaction}, keywords = {coteach}, number = 7, pages = 50, title = {Inter- and Transcultural Learning in Social Virtual Reality: A Proposal for an Inter- and Transcultural Virtual Object Database to be Used in the Implementation, Reflection, and Evaluation of Virtual Encounters}, volume = 6, year = 2022 }
Digital interaction literacy model. Conceptualizing competencies for literate interactions with voice-based AI systems. Carolus, Astrid; Augustin, Yannik; Markus, André; Wienrich, Carolin. In Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, p. 100114. Elsevier BV, 2022.
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ DOI ]
@article{Carolus_2022, author = {Carolus, Astrid and Augustin, Yannik and Markus, André and Wienrich, Carolin}, journal = {Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence}, keywords = {yaugustin}, month = 12, pages = 100114, publisher = {Elsevier BV}, title = {Digital interaction literacy model. Conceptualizing competencies for literate interactions with voice-based AI systems}, year = 2022 }
Exploring Presence, Avatar Embodiment, and Body Perception with a Holographic Augmented Reality Mirror. Wolf, Erik; Fiedler, Marie Luisa; Döllinger, Nina; Wienrich, Carolin; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In 2022 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR), pp. 350–359. 2022.
- [ Abstract ]
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The embodiment of avatars in virtual reality (VR) is a promising tool for enhancing the user's mental health. A great example is the treatment of body image disturbances, where eliciting a full-body illusion can help identify, visualize, and modulate persisting misperceptions. Augmented reality (AR) could complement recent advances in the field by incorporating real elements, such as the therapist or the user's real body, into therapeutic scenarios. However, research on the use of AR in this context is very sparse. Therefore, we present a holographic AR mirror system based on an optical see-through (OST) device and markerless body tracking, collect valuable qualitative feedback regarding its user experience, and compare quantitative results regarding presence, embodiment, and body weight perception to similar systems using video see-through (VST) AR and VR. For our OST AR system, a total of 27 normal-weight female participants provided predominantly positive feedback on display properties (field of view, luminosity, and transparency of virtual objects), body tracking, and the perception of the avatar’s appearance and movements. In the quantitative comparison to the VST AR and VR systems, participants reported significantly lower feelings of presence, while they estimated the body weight of the generic avatar significantly higher when using our OST AR system. For virtual body ownership and agency, we found only partially significant differences. In summary, our study shows the general applicability of OST AR in the given context offering huge potential in future therapeutic scenarios. However, the comparative evaluation between OST AR, VST AR, and VR also revealed significant differences in relevant measures. Future work is mandatory to corroborate our findings and to classify the significance in a therapeutic context.

@inproceedings{wolf2022holographic, abstract = {The embodiment of avatars in virtual reality (VR) is a promising tool for enhancing the user's mental health. A great example is the treatment of body image disturbances, where eliciting a full-body illusion can help identify, visualize, and modulate persisting misperceptions. Augmented reality (AR) could complement recent advances in the field by incorporating real elements, such as the therapist or the user's real body, into therapeutic scenarios. However, research on the use of AR in this context is very sparse. Therefore, we present a holographic AR mirror system based on an optical see-through (OST) device and markerless body tracking, collect valuable qualitative feedback regarding its user experience, and compare quantitative results regarding presence, embodiment, and body weight perception to similar systems using video see-through (VST) AR and VR. For our OST AR system, a total of 27 normal-weight female participants provided predominantly positive feedback on display properties (field of view, luminosity, and transparency of virtual objects), body tracking, and the perception of the avatar’s appearance and movements. In the quantitative comparison to the VST AR and VR systems, participants reported significantly lower feelings of presence, while they estimated the body weight of the generic avatar significantly higher when using our OST AR system. For virtual body ownership and agency, we found only partially significant differences. In summary, our study shows the general applicability of OST AR in the given context offering huge potential in future therapeutic scenarios. However, the comparative evaluation between OST AR, VST AR, and VR also revealed significant differences in relevant measures. Future work is mandatory to corroborate our findings and to classify the significance in a therapeutic context.}, author = {Wolf, Erik and Fiedler, Marie Luisa and Döllinger, Nina and Wienrich, Carolin and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, booktitle = {2022 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR)}, keywords = {mfiedler}, pages = {350-359}, title = {Exploring Presence, Avatar Embodiment, and Body Perception with a Holographic Augmented Reality Mirror}, year = 2022 }
Congruence and Plausibility, Not Presence: Pivotal Conditions for {XR} Experiences and Effects, a Novel Approach. Latoschik, Marc Erich; Wienrich, Carolin. In Frontiers in Virtual Reality, 3. Frontiers Media {SA}, 2022.
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@article{Latoschik_2022, author = {Latoschik, Marc Erich and Wienrich, Carolin}, journal = {Frontiers in Virtual Reality}, keywords = {change_experience}, month = {06}, publisher = {Frontiers Media {SA}}, title = {Congruence and Plausibility, Not Presence: Pivotal Conditions for {XR} Experiences and Effects, a Novel Approach}, volume = 3, year = 2022 }
Congruence and Plausibility, not Presence?! Pivotal Conditions for XR Experiences and Effects, a Novel Model. Latoschik, Marc Erich; Wienrich, Carolin. In Frontiers in Virtual Reality, 3:694433. 2022.
- [ Abstract ]
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Presence is often considered the most important quale describing the subjective feeling of being in a computer-generated and/or computer-mediated virtual environment. The identification and separation of orthogonal presence components, i.e., the place illusion and the plausibility illusion, has been an accepted theoretical model describing Virtual Reality (VR) experiences for some time. This perspective article challenges this presence-oriented VR theory. First, we argue that a place illusion cannot be the major construct to describe the much wider scope of virtual, augmented, and mixed reality (VR, AR, MR: or XR for short). Second, we argue that there is no plausibility illusion but merely plausibility, and we derive the place illusion caused by the congruent and plausible generation of spatial cues and similarly for all the current model’s so-defined illusions. Finally, we propose congruence and plausibility to become the central essential conditions in a novel theoretical model describing XR experiences and effects.

@article{latoschik2021coherence, abstract = {Presence is often considered the most important quale describing the subjective feeling of being in a computer-generated and/or computer-mediated virtual environment. The identification and separation of orthogonal presence components, i.e., the place illusion and the plausibility illusion, has been an accepted theoretical model describing Virtual Reality (VR) experiences for some time. This perspective article challenges this presence-oriented VR theory. First, we argue that a place illusion cannot be the major construct to describe the much wider scope of virtual, augmented, and mixed reality (VR, AR, MR: or XR for short). Second, we argue that there is no plausibility illusion but merely plausibility, and we derive the place illusion caused by the congruent and plausible generation of spatial cues and similarly for all the current model’s so-defined illusions. Finally, we propose congruence and plausibility to become the central essential conditions in a novel theoretical model describing XR experiences and effects.}, author = {Latoschik, Marc Erich and Wienrich, Carolin}, journal = {Frontiers in Virtual Reality}, keywords = {c.wienrich}, month = {06}, title = {Congruence and Plausibility, not Presence?! Pivotal Conditions for XR Experiences and Effects, a Novel Model}, volume = {3:694433}, year = 2022 }

2021[ to top ]

Development of the InteractionSuitcase in virtual reality to support inter- and transcultural learning processes in English as Foreign Language education. Hein, Rebecca; Steinbock, Jeanine; Eisenmann, Maria; Latoschik, Marc Erich; Wienrich, Carolin. In DELFI 2021, A. Kienle, A. Harrer, J. M. Haake, A. Lingnau (eds.), pp. 91–96. Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V., Bonn, 2021.
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@inproceedings{hein2021development, abstract = {Immersion programs and the experiences they offer learners are irreplaceable. In times of Covid-19, social VR applications can offer enormous potential for the acquisition of inter- and transcultural competencies (ITC). Virtual objects (VO) could initiate communication and reflection processes between learners with different cultural backgrounds and therefore offer an exciting approach. Accordingly, we address the following research questions: (1) What is a sound way to collect objects for the InteractionSuitcase to promote ITC acquisition by means of Social VR? (2) For which aspects do students use the objects when developing an ITC learning scenario? (3) Which VO are considered particularly supportive to initiate and facilitate ITC learning? To answer these research questions, the virtual InteractionSuitcase will be designed and implemented. This paper presents the empirical preliminary work and interim results of the development and evaluation of the InteractionSuitcase, its usage, and the significance of this project for Human- Computer Interaction (HCI) and English as Foreign Language (EFL) research.}, address = {Bonn}, author = {Hein, Rebecca and Steinbock, Jeanine and Eisenmann, Maria and Latoschik, Marc Erich and Wienrich, Carolin}, booktitle = {DELFI 2021}, editor = {Kienle, Andrea and Harrer, Andreas and Haake, Joerg M. and Lingnau, Andreas}, keywords = {coteach}, pages = {91-96}, publisher = {Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V.}, title = {Development of the InteractionSuitcase in virtual reality to support inter- and transcultural learning processes in English as Foreign Language education}, year = 2021 }
1st AI-DEbate Workshop : workshop establishing An InterDisciplinary pErspective on speech-BAsed TEchnology. Carolus, Astrid; Wienrich, Carolin. 1st ed., A. Carolus, I. Siebert, C. Wienrich (eds.), pp. 1–42. Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany, 2021.
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@inbook{carolus2021aidebate, address = {Magdeburg, Germany}, author = {Carolus, Astrid and Wienrich, Carolin}, chapter = {Towards a holistic approach and measurement of humans interacting with speech-based technology}, edition = 1, editor = {Carolus, Astrid and Siebert, Ingo and Wienrich, Carolin}, keywords = {AI_work}, pages = {1–42}, publisher = {Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg}, title = {1st AI-DEbate Workshop : workshop establishing An InterDisciplinary pErspective on speech-BAsed TEchnology}, year = 2021 }
Coherence and Plausibility, not Presence?! Pivotal Conditions for XR Experiences and Effects, a Novel Model. Latoschik, Marc Erich; Wienrich, Carolin. 2021.
- [ Abstract ]
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ URL ]
Presence often is considered the most important quale describing the subjective feeling of being in a computer-generated (virtual) or computer-mediated environment. The identification and separation of two orthogonal presence components, i.e., the place illusion and the plausibility illusion, has been an accepted theoretical model describing Virtual Reality (VR) experiences for some time. In this model, immersion is a proposed contributing factor to the place illusion. Lately, copresence and social presence illusions have extended this model, and coherence was proposed as a contributing factor to the plausibility illusion. Such factors strive to identify (objectively) measurable characteristics of an experience, e.g., systems properties that allow controlled manipulations of VR experiences. This perspective article challenges this presence-oriented VR theory. First, we argue that a place illusion cannot be the major construct to describe the much wider scope of Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Reality (VR, AR, MR: or XR for short). Second, we argue that there is no plausibility illusion but merely plausibility, and we derive the place illusion as a consequence of a plausible generation of spatial cues, and similarly for all of the current model's so-defined illusions. Finally, we propose coherence and plausibility to become the central essential conditions in a novel theoretical model describing XR experiences and effects.

@preprint{latoschik2021coherence, abstract = {Presence often is considered the most important quale describing the subjective feeling of being in a computer-generated (virtual) or computer-mediated environment. The identification and separation of two orthogonal presence components, i.e., the place illusion and the plausibility illusion, has been an accepted theoretical model describing Virtual Reality (VR) experiences for some time. In this model, immersion is a proposed contributing factor to the place illusion. Lately, copresence and social presence illusions have extended this model, and coherence was proposed as a contributing factor to the plausibility illusion. Such factors strive to identify (objectively) measurable characteristics of an experience, e.g., systems properties that allow controlled manipulations of VR experiences. This perspective article challenges this presence-oriented VR theory. First, we argue that a place illusion cannot be the major construct to describe the much wider scope of Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Reality (VR, AR, MR: or XR for short). Second, we argue that there is no plausibility illusion but merely plausibility, and we derive the place illusion as a consequence of a plausible generation of spatial cues, and similarly for all of the current model's so-defined illusions. Finally, we propose coherence and plausibility to become the central essential conditions in a novel theoretical model describing XR experiences and effects.}, author = {Latoschik, Marc Erich and Wienrich, Carolin}, journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2104.04846}, keywords = {interaction_paradigm}, note = {cite arxiv:2104.04846Comment: 10 pages,2 figures}, title = {Coherence and Plausibility, not Presence?! Pivotal Conditions for XR Experiences and Effects, a Novel Model}, year = 2021 }
Development of an Instrument to Measure Conceptualizations and Competencies About Conversational Agents on the Example of Smart Speakers. Wienrich, Carolin; Carolus, Astrid. In Frontiers in Computer Science. Human-Media Interaction. Special Issue: Towards Omnipresent and Smart Speech Assistants. Frontiers, 2021.
- [ Abstract ]
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- [ DOI ]
The concept of digital literacy has been introduced as a new cultural technique, which is regarded as essential for successful participation in a (future) digitized world. Regarding the increasing importance of AI, literacy concepts need to be extended to account for AI-related specifics. Particularly, when considering that AI systems, such as (voice-based) conversational agents, are characterized by low user requirements and omnipresence. The easy handling of the systems results in increased usage, contrasting limited knowledge, fundamental misconceptions, false expectations, or misuse conceptualizations (e.g., imagination of future importance) and competencies (e.g., knowledge about functional principles). In reference to voice-based conversational agents as a concrete application of AI, the present paper aims for the development of a measurement to assess the conceptualizations and competencies about conversational agents. In a first step, a theoretical framework of "AI literacy" is transferred to the context of conversational agent literacy. Second, the "conversational agent literacy scale" (short CALS) is developed, constituting the first attempt to measure interindividual differences in the "(il)literate" usage of conversational agents. 29 items were derived, of which 170 participants answered. An explanatory factor analysis identified five factors leading to five subscales to assess CAL: storage and transfer of the smart speaker’s data input; smart speaker’s functional principles; smart speaker’s intelligent functions, learning abilities; smart speaker’s reach and potential; smart speaker’s technological (surrounding) infrastructure. Preliminary insights into construct validity and reliability of CALS showed satisfying results. Third, using the newly developed instrument, a student sample's CAL was assessed, revealing intermediated values. Remarkably, owning a smart speaker did not lead to higher CAL scores, confirming our basic assumption that usage of systems does not guarantee enlightened conceptualizations and competencies. In sum, the paper contributes to the first insights into the operationalization and understanding of CAL as a specific subdomain of AI-related competencies.

@article{wienrich2021development, abstract = {The concept of digital literacy has been introduced as a new cultural technique, which is regarded as essential for successful participation in a (future) digitized world. Regarding the increasing importance of AI, literacy concepts need to be extended to account for AI-related specifics. Particularly, when considering that AI systems, such as (voice-based) conversational agents, are characterized by low user requirements and omnipresence. The easy handling of the systems results in increased usage, contrasting limited knowledge, fundamental misconceptions, false expectations, or misuse conceptualizations (e.g., imagination of future importance) and competencies (e.g., knowledge about functional principles). In reference to voice-based conversational agents as a concrete application of AI, the present paper aims for the development of a measurement to assess the conceptualizations and competencies about conversational agents. In a first step, a theoretical framework of "AI literacy" is transferred to the context of conversational agent literacy. Second, the "conversational agent literacy scale" (short CALS) is developed, constituting the first attempt to measure interindividual differences in the "(il)literate" usage of conversational agents. 29 items were derived, of which 170 participants answered. An explanatory factor analysis identified five factors leading to five subscales to assess CAL: storage and transfer of the smart speaker’s data input; smart speaker’s functional principles; smart speaker’s intelligent functions, learning abilities; smart speaker’s reach and potential; smart speaker’s technological (surrounding) infrastructure. Preliminary insights into construct validity and reliability of CALS showed satisfying results. Third, using the newly developed instrument, a student sample's CAL was assessed, revealing intermediated values. Remarkably, owning a smart speaker did not lead to higher CAL scores, confirming our basic assumption that usage of systems does not guarantee enlightened conceptualizations and competencies. In sum, the paper contributes to the first insights into the operationalization and understanding of CAL as a specific subdomain of AI-related competencies.}, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Carolus, Astrid}, journal = {Frontiers in Computer Science. Human-Media Interaction. Special Issue: Towards Omnipresent and Smart Speech Assistants}, keywords = {AI_work}, publisher = {Frontiers}, title = {Development of an Instrument to Measure Conceptualizations and Competencies About Conversational Agents on the Example of Smart Speakers}, type = {article}, year = 2021 }
`Alexa, I feel for you!’ Observers’ Empathetic Reactions towards a Conversational Agent. Carolus, Astrid; Wienrich, Carolin; Törke, Anna; Friedel, Tobias; Schwietering, Christian; Sperzel, Mareike. In Frontiers in Computer Science. Human-Media Interaction. Special Issue: Towards Omnipresent and Smart Speech Assistants, 3. Frontiers Media {SA}, 2021.
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- [ URL ]
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@article{Carolus_2021, author = {Carolus, Astrid and Wienrich, Carolin and Törke, Anna and Friedel, Tobias and Schwietering, Christian and Sperzel, Mareike}, journal = {Frontiers in Computer Science. Human-Media Interaction. Special Issue: Towards Omnipresent and Smart Speech Assistants}, keywords = {AI_work}, month = {05}, publisher = {Frontiers Media {SA}}, title = {`Alexa, I feel for you!' Observers' Empathetic Reactions towards a Conversational Agent}, volume = 3, year = 2021 }
Spatial Presence in Mixed Realities--Considerations about the Concept, Measures, Design, and Experiments. Wienrich, Carolin; Komma, Philipp; Vogt, Stephanie; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In Frontiers in Virtual Reality, 2, R. Skarbez (ed.), p. 141. Frontiers, 2021.
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Plenty of theories, models, measures, and investigations target the understanding of virtual presence, i.e., the sense of presence in immersive Virtual Reality (VR). Other varieties of the so-called eXtended Realities (XR), e.g., Augmented and Mixed Reality (AR and MR) incorporate immersive features to a lesser degree and continuously combine spatial cues from the real physical space and the simulated virtual space. This blurred separation questions the applicability of the accumulated knowledge about the similarities of virtual presence and presence occurring in other varieties of XR, and corresponding outcomes. The present work bridges this gap by analyzing the construct of presence in mixed realities (MR). To achieve this, the following presents (1) a short review of definitions, dimensions, and measurements of presence in VR, and (2) the state of the art views on MR. Additionally, we (3) derived a working definition of MR, extending the Milgram continuum. This definition is based on entities reaching from real to virtual manifestations at one time point. Entities possess different degrees of referential power, determining the selection of the frame of reference. Furthermore, we (4) identified three research desiderata, including research questions about the frame of reference, the corresponding dimension of transportation, and the dimension of realism in MR. Mainly the relationship between the main aspects of virtual presence of immersive VR, i.e., the place-illusion, and the plausibility-illusion, and of the referential power of MR entities are discussed regarding the concept, measures, and design of presence in MR. Finally, (5) we suggested an experimental setup to reveal the research heuristic behind experiments investigating presence in MR. The present work contributes to the theories and the meaning of and approaches to simulate and measure presence in MR. We hypothesize that research about essential underlying factors determining user experience (UX) in MR simulations and experiences is still in its infancy and hopes this article provides an encouraging starting point to tackle related questions.

@article{wienrichspatial, abstract = {Plenty of theories, models, measures, and investigations target the understanding of virtual presence, i.e., the sense of presence in immersive Virtual Reality (VR). Other varieties of the so-called eXtended Realities (XR), e.g., Augmented and Mixed Reality (AR and MR) incorporate immersive features to a lesser degree and continuously combine spatial cues from the real physical space and the simulated virtual space. This blurred separation questions the applicability of the accumulated knowledge about the similarities of virtual presence and presence occurring in other varieties of XR, and corresponding outcomes. The present work bridges this gap by analyzing the construct of presence in mixed realities (MR). To achieve this, the following presents (1) a short review of definitions, dimensions, and measurements of presence in VR, and (2) the state of the art views on MR. Additionally, we (3) derived a working definition of MR, extending the Milgram continuum. This definition is based on entities reaching from real to virtual manifestations at one time point. Entities possess different degrees of referential power, determining the selection of the frame of reference. Furthermore, we (4) identified three research desiderata, including research questions about the frame of reference, the corresponding dimension of transportation, and the dimension of realism in MR. Mainly the relationship between the main aspects of virtual presence of immersive VR, i.e., the place-illusion, and the plausibility-illusion, and of the referential power of MR entities are discussed regarding the concept, measures, and design of presence in MR. Finally, (5) we suggested an experimental setup to reveal the research heuristic behind experiments investigating presence in MR. The present work contributes to the theories and the meaning of and approaches to simulate and measure presence in MR. We hypothesize that research about essential underlying factors determining user experience (UX) in MR simulations and experiences is still in its infancy and hopes this article provides an encouraging starting point to tackle related questions.}, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Komma, Philipp and Vogt, Stephanie and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, editor = {Skarbez, Richard}, journal = {Frontiers in Virtual Reality}, keywords = {c.wienrich}, pages = 141, publisher = {Frontiers}, title = {Spatial Presence in Mixed Realities–Considerations about the Concept, Measures, Design, and Experiments}, volume = 2, year = 2021 }
Development of an Instrument to Measure Conceptualizations and Competencies About Conversational Agents on the Example of Smart Speakers. Wienrich, Carolin; Carolus, Astrid. In Frontiers in Computer Science. Human-Media Interaction. Special Issue: Towards Omnipresent and Smart Speech Assistants. Frontiers, 2021.
- [ Abstract ]
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The concept of digital literacy has been introduced as a new cultural technique, which is regarded as essential for successful participation in a (future) digitized world. Regarding the increasing importance of AI, literacy concepts need to be extended to account for AI-related specifics. Particularly, when considering that AI systems, such as (voice-based) conversational agents, are characterized by low user requirements and omnipresence. The easy handling of the systems results in increased usage, contrasting limited knowledge, fundamental misconceptions, false expectations, or misuse conceptualizations (e.g., imagination of future importance) and competencies (e.g., knowledge about functional principles). In reference to voice-based conversational agents as a concrete application of AI, the present paper aims for the development of a measurement to assess the conceptualizations and competencies about conversational agents. In a first step, a theoretical framework of "AI literacy" is transferred to the context of conversational agent literacy. Second, the "conversational agent literacy scale" (short CALS) is developed, constituting the first attempt to measure interindividual differences in the "(il)literate" usage of conversational agents. 29 items were derived, of which 170 participants answered. An explanatory factor analysis identified five factors leading to five subscales to assess CAL: storage and transfer of the smart speaker’s data input; smart speaker’s functional principles; smart speaker’s intelligent functions, learning abilities; smart speaker’s reach and potential; smart speaker’s technological (surrounding) infrastructure. Preliminary insights into construct validity and reliability of CALS showed satisfying results. Third, using the newly developed instrument, a student sample's CAL was assessed, revealing intermediated values. Remarkably, owning a smart speaker did not lead to higher CAL scores, confirming our basic assumption that usage of systems does not guarantee enlightened conceptualizations and competencies. In sum, the paper contributes to the first insights into the operationalization and understanding of CAL as a specific subdomain of AI-related competencies.

@article{wienrich2021development, abstract = {The concept of digital literacy has been introduced as a new cultural technique, which is regarded as essential for successful participation in a (future) digitized world. Regarding the increasing importance of AI, literacy concepts need to be extended to account for AI-related specifics. Particularly, when considering that AI systems, such as (voice-based) conversational agents, are characterized by low user requirements and omnipresence. The easy handling of the systems results in increased usage, contrasting limited knowledge, fundamental misconceptions, false expectations, or misuse conceptualizations (e.g., imagination of future importance) and competencies (e.g., knowledge about functional principles). In reference to voice-based conversational agents as a concrete application of AI, the present paper aims for the development of a measurement to assess the conceptualizations and competencies about conversational agents. In a first step, a theoretical framework of "AI literacy" is transferred to the context of conversational agent literacy. Second, the "conversational agent literacy scale" (short CALS) is developed, constituting the first attempt to measure interindividual differences in the "(il)literate" usage of conversational agents. 29 items were derived, of which 170 participants answered. An explanatory factor analysis identified five factors leading to five subscales to assess CAL: storage and transfer of the smart speaker’s data input; smart speaker’s functional principles; smart speaker’s intelligent functions, learning abilities; smart speaker’s reach and potential; smart speaker’s technological (surrounding) infrastructure. Preliminary insights into construct validity and reliability of CALS showed satisfying results. Third, using the newly developed instrument, a student sample's CAL was assessed, revealing intermediated values. Remarkably, owning a smart speaker did not lead to higher CAL scores, confirming our basic assumption that usage of systems does not guarantee enlightened conceptualizations and competencies. In sum, the paper contributes to the first insights into the operationalization and understanding of CAL as a specific subdomain of AI-related competencies.}, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Carolus, Astrid}, journal = {Frontiers in Computer Science. Human-Media Interaction. Special Issue: Towards Omnipresent and Smart Speech Assistants}, keywords = {AI_work}, publisher = {Frontiers}, title = {Development of an Instrument to Measure Conceptualizations and Competencies About Conversational Agents on the Example of Smart Speakers}, type = {article}, year = 2021 }
A systematic review of foreign language learning with immersive technologies (2001-2020). Hein, Rebecca M.; Wienrich, Carolin; Latoschik, Marc E. In {AIMS} Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 5(2), pp. 117–145. American Institute of Mathematical Sciences ({AIMS}), 2021.
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@article{Hein_2021, author = {Hein, Rebecca M. and Wienrich, Carolin and Latoschik, Marc E.}, journal = {{AIMS} Electronics and Electrical Engineering}, keywords = {change_experience}, number = 2, pages = {117–145}, publisher = {American Institute of Mathematical Sciences ({AIMS})}, title = {A systematic review of foreign language learning with immersive technologies (2001-2020)}, volume = 5, year = 2021 }
The Trustworthiness of Voice Assistants in the Context of Healthcare Investigating the Effect of Perceived Expertise on the Trustworthiness of Voice Assistants, Providers, Data Receivers, and Automatic Speech Recognition. Wienrich, Carolin; Reitelbach, Clemens; Carolus, Astrid. In Frontiers in Computer Science. Human-Media Interaction. Special Issue: Towards Omnipresent and Smart Speech Assistants, 3. Frontiers Media {SA}, 2021.
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@article{Wienrich_2021, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Reitelbach, Clemens and Carolus, Astrid}, journal = {Frontiers in Computer Science. Human-Media Interaction. Special Issue: Towards Omnipresent and Smart Speech Assistants}, keywords = {AI_work}, month = {06}, publisher = {Frontiers Media {SA}}, title = {The Trustworthiness of Voice Assistants in the Context of Healthcare Investigating the Effect of Perceived Expertise on the Trustworthiness of Voice Assistants, Providers, Data Receivers, and Automatic Speech Recognition}, volume = 3, year = 2021 }
Inter- und Transkulturelles Lernen in Virtual Reality - Ein Seminarkonzept für die Lehrkräfteausbildung im Fach Englisch. Hein, Rebecca M; Steinbock, Jeanine; Eisenmann, Maria; Wienrich, Carolin; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In In: Söbke, H. & Weise, M. (Hrsg.), Wettbewerbsband AVRiL 2021, pp. 34–39. 2021.
- [ Abstract ]
- [ BibTeX ]
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Inter- und transkulturelle Kompetenzen sind zentrale Elemente einer aktiven Teilhabe in einer modernen Gesellschaft. Die Fremdsprachenforschung setzt sich im Kontext der Digitalisierung mit neuen Konzepten zum Erwerb dieser Kompetenzen im Fremdsprachenunterricht auseinander. Eine Zusammenarbeit mit der HCI-Forschung zum Einsatz von social VR im Klassenzimmer lässt auf einen positiven Erkenntnisgewinn schließen. So lautet die zentrale Forschungshypothese, dass vollimmersive Lernumgebungen verstärkt inter- und transkulturelle Lernprozesse fördern, weil Lernende VR-Welten nicht nur betrachten, sondern innerhalb dieser selbstwirksam interagieren und das Umfeld eigenständig manipulieren können. Darauf aufbauend wurde ein Seminarkonzept entwickelt, in dem Lehramtsstudierende für das Fach Englisch inter- und transkulturelle Lehr/Lernszenarien in VR konzipieren, die sie dann in ihrer Unterrichtspraxis einsetzen können. So lernen Studierende das Potenzial von VR nicht nur kennen, sondern ebenso dieses unterrichtlich umzusetzen.

@article{hein2021inter, abstract = {Inter- und transkulturelle Kompetenzen sind zentrale Elemente einer aktiven Teilhabe in einer modernen Gesellschaft. Die Fremdsprachenforschung setzt sich im Kontext der Digitalisierung mit neuen Konzepten zum Erwerb dieser Kompetenzen im Fremdsprachenunterricht auseinander. Eine Zusammenarbeit mit der HCI-Forschung zum Einsatz von social VR im Klassenzimmer lässt auf einen positiven Erkenntnisgewinn schließen. So lautet die zentrale Forschungshypothese, dass vollimmersive Lernumgebungen verstärkt inter- und transkulturelle Lernprozesse fördern, weil Lernende VR-Welten nicht nur betrachten, sondern innerhalb dieser selbstwirksam interagieren und das Umfeld eigenständig manipulieren können. Darauf aufbauend wurde ein Seminarkonzept entwickelt, in dem Lehramtsstudierende für das Fach Englisch inter- und transkulturelle Lehr/Lernszenarien in VR konzipieren, die sie dann in ihrer Unterrichtspraxis einsetzen können. So lernen Studierende das Potenzial von VR nicht nur kennen, sondern ebenso dieses unterrichtlich umzusetzen.}, author = {Hein, Rebecca M and Steinbock, Jeanine and Eisenmann, Maria and Wienrich, Carolin and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, journal = {In: Söbke, H. & Weise, M. (Hrsg.), Wettbewerbsband AVRiL 2021}, keywords = {c.wienrich}, pages = {34-39}, title = {Inter- und Transkulturelles Lernen in Virtual Reality - Ein Seminarkonzept für die Lehrkräfteausbildung im Fach Englisch}, year = 2021 }
The Embodiment of Photorealistic Avatars Influences Female Body Weight Perception in Virtual Reality. Wolf, Erik; Merdan, Nathalie; Döllinger, Nina; Mal, David; Wienrich, Carolin; Botsch, Mario; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In 2021 IEEE Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR), pp. 65–74. 2021.
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Embodiment and body perception have become important research topics in the field of virtual reality (VR). VR is considered a particularly promising tool to support research and therapy in regard to distorted body weight perception. However, the influence of embodiment on body weight perception has yet to be clarified. To address this gap, we compared body weight perception of 56 female participants of normal weight using a VR application. They either (a) self-embodied a photorealistic, non-personalized virtual human and performed body movements in front of a virtual mirror or (b) only observed the virtual human as other's avatar (or agent) performing the same movements in front of them. Afterward, participants had to estimate the virtual human's body weight. Additionally, we considered the influence of the participants' body mass index (BMI) on the estimations and captured the participants' feelings of presence and embodiment. Participants estimated the body weight of the virtual human as their embodied self-avatars significantly lower compared to participants rating the virtual human as other's avatar. Furthermore, the estimations of body weight were significantly predicted by the participant's BMI with embodiment, but not without. Our results clearly highlight embodiment as an important factor influencing the perception of virtual humans' body weights in VR.

@inproceedings{wolf2021embodiment, abstract = {Embodiment and body perception have become important research topics in the field of virtual reality (VR). VR is considered a particularly promising tool to support research and therapy in regard to distorted body weight perception. However, the influence of embodiment on body weight perception has yet to be clarified. To address this gap, we compared body weight perception of 56 female participants of normal weight using a VR application. They either (a) self-embodied a photorealistic, non-personalized virtual human and performed body movements in front of a virtual mirror or (b) only observed the virtual human as other's avatar (or agent) performing the same movements in front of them. Afterward, participants had to estimate the virtual human's body weight. Additionally, we considered the influence of the participants' body mass index (BMI) on the estimations and captured the participants' feelings of presence and embodiment. Participants estimated the body weight of the virtual human as their embodied self-avatars significantly lower compared to participants rating the virtual human as other's avatar. Furthermore, the estimations of body weight were significantly predicted by the participant's BMI with embodiment, but not without. Our results clearly highlight embodiment as an important factor influencing the perception of virtual humans' body weights in VR.}, author = {Wolf, Erik and Merdan, Nathalie and Döllinger, Nina and Mal, David and Wienrich, Carolin and Botsch, Mario and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, booktitle = {2021 IEEE Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR)}, keywords = {vitras}, pages = {65-74}, title = {The Embodiment of Photorealistic Avatars Influences Female Body Weight Perception in Virtual Reality}, year = 2021 }
Behavioral Framework of Immersive Technologies ({BehaveFIT}): How and Why Virtual Reality can Support Behavioral Change Processes. Wienrich, Carolin; Döllinger, Nina; Hein, Rebecca. In Frontiers in Virtual Reality. Technology for VR. Special Issue: User Experience in Virtual Reality Application design, 2. Frontiers Media {SA}, 2021.
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@article{Wienrich_2021, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Döllinger, Nina and Hein, Rebecca}, journal = {Frontiers in Virtual Reality. Technology for VR. Special Issue: User Experience in Virtual Reality Application design}, keywords = {change_experience}, month = {06}, publisher = {Frontiers Media {SA}}, title = {Behavioral Framework of Immersive Technologies ({BehaveFIT}): How and Why Virtual Reality can Support Behavioral Change Processes}, volume = 2, year = 2021 }
`Alexa, I feel for you!’ Observers’ Empathetic Reactions towards a Conversational Agent. Carolus, Astrid; Wienrich, Carolin; Törke, Anna; Friedel, Tobias; Schwietering, Christian; Sperzel, Mareike. In Frontiers in Computer Science. Human-Media Interaction. Special Issue: Towards Omnipresent and Smart Speech Assistants, 3. Frontiers Media {SA}, 2021.
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@article{Carolus_2021, author = {Carolus, Astrid and Wienrich, Carolin and Törke, Anna and Friedel, Tobias and Schwietering, Christian and Sperzel, Mareike}, journal = {Frontiers in Computer Science. Human-Media Interaction. Special Issue: Towards Omnipresent and Smart Speech Assistants}, keywords = {AI_work}, month = {05}, publisher = {Frontiers Media {SA}}, title = {`Alexa, I feel for you!' Observers' Empathetic Reactions towards a Conversational Agent}, volume = 3, year = 2021 }
A Systematic Review of Foreign Language Learning with Immersive Technologies (2001-2020). Hein, Rebecca Magdalena; Wienrich, Carolin; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In AIMS Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 5(2), pp. 117–145. 2021.
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This study provides a systematic literature review of research (2001–2020) in the field of teaching and learning a foreign language and intercultural learning using immersive technologies. Based on 2507 sources, 54 articles were selected according to a predefined selection criteria. The review is aimed at providing information about which immersive interventions are being used for foreign language learning and teaching and where potential research gaps exist. The papers were analyzed and coded according to the following categories: (1) investigation form and education level, (2) degree of immersion, and technology used, (3) predictors, and (4) criterions. The review identified key research findings relating the use of immersive technologies for learning and teaching a foreign language and intercultural learning at cognitive, affective, and conative levels. The findings revealed research gaps in the area of teachers as a target group, and virtual reality (VR) as a fully immersive intervention form. Furthermore, the studies reviewed rarely examined behavior, and implicit measurements related to inter- and trans-cultural learning and teaching. Inter- and transcultural learning and teaching especially is an underrepresented investigation subject. Finally, concrete suggestions for future research are given. The systematic review contributes to the challenge of interdisciplinary cooperation between pedagogy, foreign language didactics, and Human-Computer Interaction to achieve innovative teaching-learning formats and a successful digital transformation.

@article{noauthororeditor, abstract = {This study provides a systematic literature review of research (2001–2020) in the field of teaching and learning a foreign language and intercultural learning using immersive technologies. Based on 2507 sources, 54 articles were selected according to a predefined selection criteria. The review is aimed at providing information about which immersive interventions are being used for foreign language learning and teaching and where potential research gaps exist. The papers were analyzed and coded according to the following categories: (1) investigation form and education level, (2) degree of immersion, and technology used, (3) predictors, and (4) criterions. The review identified key research findings relating the use of immersive technologies for learning and teaching a foreign language and intercultural learning at cognitive, affective, and conative levels. The findings revealed research gaps in the area of teachers as a target group, and virtual reality (VR) as a fully immersive intervention form. Furthermore, the studies reviewed rarely examined behavior, and implicit measurements related to inter- and trans-cultural learning and teaching. Inter- and transcultural learning and teaching especially is an underrepresented investigation subject. Finally, concrete suggestions for future research are given. The systematic review contributes to the challenge of interdisciplinary cooperation between pedagogy, foreign language didactics, and Human-Computer Interaction to achieve innovative teaching-learning formats and a successful digital transformation.}, author = {Hein, Rebecca Magdalena and Wienrich, Carolin and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, journal = {AIMS Electronics and Electrical Engineering}, keywords = {coteach}, number = 2, pages = {117-145}, title = {A Systematic Review of Foreign Language Learning with Immersive Technologies (2001-2020)}, volume = 5, year = 2021 }
Challenges and Opportunities of Immersive Technologies for Mindfulness Meditation: A Systematic Review. Döllinger, Nina; Wienrich, Carolin; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In Frontiers in Virtual Reality, 2, pp. 644–683. 2021.
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@article{10.3389/frvir.2021.644683, abstract = {Mindfulness is considered an important factor of an individual's subjective well-being. Consequently, Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) has investigated approaches that strengthen mindfulness, i.e., by inventing multimedia technologies to support mindfulness meditation. These approaches often use smartphones, tablets, or consumer-grade desktop systems to allow everyday usage in users' private lives or in the scope of organized therapies. Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Reality (VR, AR, MR; in short: XR) significantly extend the design space for such approaches. XR covers a wide range of potential sensory stimulation, perceptive and cognitive manipulations, content presentation, interaction, and agency. These facilities are linked to typical XR-specific perceptions that are conceptually closely related to mindfulness research, such as (virtual) presence and (virtual) embodiment. However, a successful exploitation of XR that strengthens mindfulness requires a systematic analysis of the potential interrelation and influencing mechanisms between XR technology, its properties, factors, and phenomena and existing models and theories of the construct of mindfulness. This article reports such a systematic analysis of XR-related research from HCI and life sciences to determine the extent to which existing research frameworks on HCI and mindfulness can be applied to XR technologies, the potential of XR technologies to support mindfulness, and open research gaps. Fifty papers of ACM Digital Library and National Institutes of Health's National Library of Medicine (PubMed) with and without empirical efficacy evaluation were included in our analysis. The results reveal that at the current time, empirical research on XR-based mindfulness support mainly focuses on therapy and therapeutic outcomes. Furthermore, most of the currently investigated XR-supported mindfulness interactions are limited to vocally guided meditations within nature-inspired virtual environments. While an analysis of empirical research on those systems did not reveal differences in mindfulness compared to non-mediated mindfulness practices, various design proposals illustrate that XR has the potential to provide interactive and body-based innovations for mindfulness practice. We propose a structured approach for future work to specify and further explore the potential of XR as mindfulness-support. The resulting framework provides design guidelines for XR-based mindfulness support based on the elements and psychological mechanisms of XR interactions.}, author = {Döllinger, Nina and Wienrich, Carolin and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, journal = {Frontiers in Virtual Reality}, keywords = {vitras}, pages = 29, title = {Challenges and Opportunities of Immersive Technologies for Mindfulness Meditation: A Systematic Review}, volume = 2, year = 2021 }
1st AI-DEbate Workshop : workshop establishing An InterDisciplinary pErspective on speech-BAsed TEchnology. Carolus, Astrid; Wienrich, Carolin. 1st ed., A. Carolus, I. Siebert, C. Wienrich (eds.), pp. 1–42. Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany, 2021.
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@inbook{carolus2021aidebate, address = {Magdeburg, Germany}, author = {Carolus, Astrid and Wienrich, Carolin}, chapter = {Towards a holistic approach and measurement of humans interacting with speech-based technology}, edition = 1, editor = {Carolus, Astrid and Siebert, Ingo and Wienrich, Carolin}, keywords = {AI_work}, pages = {1–42}, publisher = {Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg}, title = {1st AI-DEbate Workshop : workshop establishing An InterDisciplinary pErspective on speech-BAsed TEchnology}, year = 2021 }
A systematic review of foreign language learning with immersive technologies (2001-2020). Hein, Rebecca M.; Wienrich, and Carolin; Latoschik, Marc E. In {AIMS} Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 5(2), pp. 117–145. American Institute of Mathematical Sciences ({AIMS}), 2021.
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- [ URL ]
- [ DOI ]
@article{Hein_2021, author = {Hein, Rebecca M. and and Carolin Wienrich and Latoschik, Marc E.}, journal = {{AIMS} Electronics and Electrical Engineering}, keywords = {change_experience}, number = 2, pages = {117–145}, publisher = {American Institute of Mathematical Sciences ({AIMS})}, title = {A systematic review of foreign language learning with immersive technologies (2001-2020)}, volume = 5, year = 2021 }
Inter- und Transkulturelles Lernen in Virtual Reality - Ein Seminarkonzept für die Lehrkräfteausbildung im Fach Englisch. Hein, Rebecca M; Steinbock, Jeanine; Eisenmann, Maria; Wienrich, Carolin; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In In: Söbke, H. & Weise, M. (Hrsg.), Wettbewerbsband AVRiL 2021, pp. 34–39. 2021.
- [ Abstract ]
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ URL ]
- [ DOI ]
Inter- und transkulturelle Kompetenzen sind zentrale Elemente einer aktiven Teilhabe in einer modernen Gesellschaft. Die Fremdsprachenforschung setzt sich im Kontext der Digitalisierung mit neuen Konzepten zum Erwerb dieser Kompetenzen im Fremdsprachenunterricht auseinander. Eine Zusammenarbeit mit der HCI-Forschung zum Einsatz von social VR im Klassenzimmer lässt auf einen positiven Erkenntnisgewinn schließen. So lautet die zentrale Forschungshypothese, dass vollimmersive Lernumgebungen verstärkt inter- und transkulturelle Lernprozesse fördern, weil Lernende VR-Welten nicht nur betrachten, sondern innerhalb dieser selbstwirksam interagieren und das Umfeld eigenständig manipulieren können. Darauf aufbauend wurde ein Seminarkonzept entwickelt, in dem Lehramtsstudierende für das Fach Englisch inter- und transkulturelle Lehr/Lernszenarien in VR konzipieren, die sie dann in ihrer Unterrichtspraxis einsetzen können. So lernen Studierende das Potenzial von VR nicht nur kennen, sondern ebenso dieses unterrichtlich umzusetzen.

@article{hein2021inter, abstract = {Inter- und transkulturelle Kompetenzen sind zentrale Elemente einer aktiven Teilhabe in einer modernen Gesellschaft. Die Fremdsprachenforschung setzt sich im Kontext der Digitalisierung mit neuen Konzepten zum Erwerb dieser Kompetenzen im Fremdsprachenunterricht auseinander. Eine Zusammenarbeit mit der HCI-Forschung zum Einsatz von social VR im Klassenzimmer lässt auf einen positiven Erkenntnisgewinn schließen. So lautet die zentrale Forschungshypothese, dass vollimmersive Lernumgebungen verstärkt inter- und transkulturelle Lernprozesse fördern, weil Lernende VR-Welten nicht nur betrachten, sondern innerhalb dieser selbstwirksam interagieren und das Umfeld eigenständig manipulieren können. Darauf aufbauend wurde ein Seminarkonzept entwickelt, in dem Lehramtsstudierende für das Fach Englisch inter- und transkulturelle Lehr/Lernszenarien in VR konzipieren, die sie dann in ihrer Unterrichtspraxis einsetzen können. So lernen Studierende das Potenzial von VR nicht nur kennen, sondern ebenso dieses unterrichtlich umzusetzen.}, author = {Hein, Rebecca M and Steinbock, Jeanine and Eisenmann, Maria and Wienrich, Carolin and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, journal = {In: Söbke, H. & Weise, M. (Hrsg.), Wettbewerbsband AVRiL 2021}, keywords = {c.wienrich}, pages = {34-39}, title = {Inter- und Transkulturelles Lernen in Virtual Reality - Ein Seminarkonzept für die Lehrkräfteausbildung im Fach Englisch}, year = 2021 }
Fostering Intercultural Competencies in Initial Teacher Education. Implementation of Educational Design Prototypes using a Social VR Environment. Foerster, Kristina; Hein, Rebecca; Grafe, Silke; Latoschik, Marc Erich; Wienrich, Carolin. In Proceedings of Innovate Learning Summit 2020 2021, T. Bastiaens (ed.), pp. 73–86. Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE), Online, United States, 2021.
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The combination of globalization and digitalization emphasizes the importance of media-related and intercultural competencies of teacher educators and pre-service teachers. This article reports on the initial prototypical implementation of a pedagogical concept to foster such competencies of pre-service teachers. The proposed pedagogical concept utilizes a social VR framework since related work on the characteristics of VR indicate that this medium is particularly well suited for intercultural professional development processes. The development is integrated into a larger design-based-research approach that develops a theory-guided and empirically grounded professional development concept for teacher educators with a special focus on TETC 8. TETC provide a suitable competence framework capable of aligning both requirements for media-related as well as intercultural competencies. In an exploratory study with student teachers we designed...

@inproceedings{FoerHeinGraf2021ys, abstract = {The combination of globalization and digitalization emphasizes the importance of media-related and intercultural competencies of teacher educators and pre-service teachers. This article reports on the initial prototypical implementation of a pedagogical concept to foster such competencies of pre-service teachers. The proposed pedagogical concept utilizes a social VR framework since related work on the characteristics of VR indicate that this medium is particularly well suited for intercultural professional development processes. The development is integrated into a larger design-based-research approach that develops a theory-guided and empirically grounded professional development concept for teacher educators with a special focus on TETC 8. TETC provide a suitable competence framework capable of aligning both requirements for media-related as well as intercultural competencies. In an exploratory study with student teachers we designed...}, address = {Online, United States}, author = {Foerster, Kristina and Hein, Rebecca and Grafe, Silke and Latoschik, Marc Erich and Wienrich, Carolin}, booktitle = {Proceedings of Innovate Learning Summit 2020 2021}, editor = {Bastiaens, Theo}, keywords = {coteach}, month = 11, pages = {73–86}, publisher = {Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE)}, title = {Fostering Intercultural Competencies in Initial Teacher Education. Implementation of Educational Design Prototypes using a Social VR Environment}, year = 2021 }
The Embodiment of Photorealistic Avatars Influences Female Body Weight Perception in Virtual Reality. Wolf, Erik; Merdan, Nathalie; Döllinger, Nina; Mal, David; Wienrich, Carolin; Botsch, Mario; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In Proceedings of the 28th IEEE Virtual Reality Conference (VR ’21). 2021.
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Embodiment and body perception have become important research topics in the field of virtual reality (VR). VR is considered a particularly promising tool to support research and therapy in regard to distorted body weight perception. However, the influence of embodiment on body weight perception has yet to be clarified. To address this gap, we compared body weight perception of 56 female participants of normal weight using a VR application. They either (a) self-embodied a photorealistic, non-personalized virtual human and performed body movements in front of a virtual mirror or (b) only observed the virtual human as other's avatar (or agent) performing the same movements in front of them. Afterward, participants had to estimate the virtual human's body weight. Additionally, we considered the influence of the participants' body mass index (BMI) on the estimations and captured the participants' feelings of presence and embodiment. Participants estimated the body weight of the virtual human as their embodied self-avatars significantly lower compared to participants rating the virtual human as other's avatar. Furthermore, the estimations of body weight were significantly predicted by the participant's BMI with embodiment, but not without. Our results clearly highlight embodiment as an important factor influencing the perception of virtual humans' body weights in VR.

@inproceedings{wolf2021embodiment, abstract = {Embodiment and body perception have become important research topics in the field of virtual reality (VR). VR is considered a particularly promising tool to support research and therapy in regard to distorted body weight perception. However, the influence of embodiment on body weight perception has yet to be clarified. To address this gap, we compared body weight perception of 56 female participants of normal weight using a VR application. They either (a) self-embodied a photorealistic, non-personalized virtual human and performed body movements in front of a virtual mirror or (b) only observed the virtual human as other's avatar (or agent) performing the same movements in front of them. Afterward, participants had to estimate the virtual human's body weight. Additionally, we considered the influence of the participants' body mass index (BMI) on the estimations and captured the participants' feelings of presence and embodiment. Participants estimated the body weight of the virtual human as their embodied self-avatars significantly lower compared to participants rating the virtual human as other's avatar. Furthermore, the estimations of body weight were significantly predicted by the participant's BMI with embodiment, but not without. Our results clearly highlight embodiment as an important factor influencing the perception of virtual humans' body weights in VR.}, author = {Wolf, Erik and Merdan, Nathalie and Döllinger, Nina and Mal, David and Wienrich, Carolin and Botsch, Mario and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 28th IEEE Virtual Reality Conference (VR '21)}, keywords = {change_experience}, title = {The Embodiment of Photorealistic Avatars Influences Female Body Weight Perception in Virtual Reality}, year = 2021 }
Fostering Intercultural Competencies in Initial Teacher Education. Implementation of Educational Design Prototypes using a Social VR Environment. Foerster, Kristina; Hein, Rebecca; Grafe, Silke; Latoschik, Marc Erich; Wienrich, Carolin. In Proceedings of Innovate Learning Summit 2020 2021, T. Bastiaens (ed.), pp. 73–86. Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE), Online, United States, 2021.
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The combination of globalization and digitalization emphasizes the importance of media-related and intercultural competencies of teacher educators and pre-service teachers. This article reports on the initial prototypical implementation of a pedagogical concept to foster such competencies of pre-service teachers. The proposed pedagogical concept utilizes a social VR framework since related work on the characteristics of VR indicate that this medium is particularly well suited for intercultural professional development processes. The development is integrated into a larger design-based-research approach that develops a theory-guided and empirically grounded professional development concept for teacher educators with a special focus on TETC 8. TETC provide a suitable competence framework capable of aligning both requirements for media-related as well as intercultural competencies. In an exploratory study with student teachers we designed...

@inproceedings{FoerHeinGraf2021ys, abstract = {The combination of globalization and digitalization emphasizes the importance of media-related and intercultural competencies of teacher educators and pre-service teachers. This article reports on the initial prototypical implementation of a pedagogical concept to foster such competencies of pre-service teachers. The proposed pedagogical concept utilizes a social VR framework since related work on the characteristics of VR indicate that this medium is particularly well suited for intercultural professional development processes. The development is integrated into a larger design-based-research approach that develops a theory-guided and empirically grounded professional development concept for teacher educators with a special focus on TETC 8. TETC provide a suitable competence framework capable of aligning both requirements for media-related as well as intercultural competencies. In an exploratory study with student teachers we designed...}, address = {Online, United States}, author = {Foerster, Kristina and Hein, Rebecca and Grafe, Silke and Latoschik, Marc Erich and Wienrich, Carolin}, booktitle = {Proceedings of Innovate Learning Summit 2020 2021}, editor = {Bastiaens, Theo}, keywords = {coteach}, month = 11, pages = {73–86}, publisher = {Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE)}, title = {Fostering Intercultural Competencies in Initial Teacher Education. Implementation of Educational Design Prototypes using a Social VR Environment}, year = 2021 }
Challenges and Opportunities of Immersive Technologies for Mindfulness Meditation: A Systematic Review. Döllinger, Nina; Wienrich, Carolin; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In Frontiers in Virtual Reality, 2, p. 29. 2021.
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Mindfulness is considered an important factor of an individual's subjective well-being. Consequently, Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) has investigated approaches that strengthen mindfulness, i.e., by inventing multimedia technologies to support mindfulness meditation. These approaches often use smartphones, tablets, or consumer-grade desktop systems to allow everyday usage in users' private lives or in the scope of organized therapies. Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Reality (VR, AR, MR; in short: XR) significantly extend the design space for such approaches. XR covers a wide range of potential sensory stimulation, perceptive and cognitive manipulations, content presentation, interaction, and agency. These facilities are linked to typical XR-specific perceptions that are conceptually closely related to mindfulness research, such as (virtual) presence and (virtual) embodiment. However, a successful exploitation of XR that strengthens mindfulness requires a systematic analysis of the potential interrelation and influencing mechanisms between XR technology, its properties, factors, and phenomena and existing models and theories of the construct of mindfulness. This article reports such a systematic analysis of XR-related research from HCI and life sciences to determine the extent to which existing research frameworks on HCI and mindfulness can be applied to XR technologies, the potential of XR technologies to support mindfulness, and open research gaps. Fifty papers of ACM Digital Library and National Institutes of Health's National Library of Medicine (PubMed) with and without empirical efficacy evaluation were included in our analysis. The results reveal that at the current time, empirical research on XR-based mindfulness support mainly focuses on therapy and therapeutic outcomes. Furthermore, most of the currently investigated XR-supported mindfulness interactions are limited to vocally guided meditations within nature-inspired virtual environments. While an analysis of empirical research on those systems did not reveal differences in mindfulness compared to non-mediated mindfulness practices, various design proposals illustrate that XR has the potential to provide interactive and body-based innovations for mindfulness practice. We propose a structured approach for future work to specify and further explore the potential of XR as mindfulness-support. The resulting framework provides design guidelines for XR-based mindfulness support based on the elements and psychological mechanisms of XR interactions.

@article{10.3389/frvir.2021.644683, abstract = {Mindfulness is considered an important factor of an individual's subjective well-being. Consequently, Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) has investigated approaches that strengthen mindfulness, i.e., by inventing multimedia technologies to support mindfulness meditation. These approaches often use smartphones, tablets, or consumer-grade desktop systems to allow everyday usage in users' private lives or in the scope of organized therapies. Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Reality (VR, AR, MR; in short: XR) significantly extend the design space for such approaches. XR covers a wide range of potential sensory stimulation, perceptive and cognitive manipulations, content presentation, interaction, and agency. These facilities are linked to typical XR-specific perceptions that are conceptually closely related to mindfulness research, such as (virtual) presence and (virtual) embodiment. However, a successful exploitation of XR that strengthens mindfulness requires a systematic analysis of the potential interrelation and influencing mechanisms between XR technology, its properties, factors, and phenomena and existing models and theories of the construct of mindfulness. This article reports such a systematic analysis of XR-related research from HCI and life sciences to determine the extent to which existing research frameworks on HCI and mindfulness can be applied to XR technologies, the potential of XR technologies to support mindfulness, and open research gaps. Fifty papers of ACM Digital Library and National Institutes of Health's National Library of Medicine (PubMed) with and without empirical efficacy evaluation were included in our analysis. The results reveal that at the current time, empirical research on XR-based mindfulness support mainly focuses on therapy and therapeutic outcomes. Furthermore, most of the currently investigated XR-supported mindfulness interactions are limited to vocally guided meditations within nature-inspired virtual environments. While an analysis of empirical research on those systems did not reveal differences in mindfulness compared to non-mediated mindfulness practices, various design proposals illustrate that XR has the potential to provide interactive and body-based innovations for mindfulness practice. We propose a structured approach for future work to specify and further explore the potential of XR as mindfulness-support. The resulting framework provides design guidelines for XR-based mindfulness support based on the elements and psychological mechanisms of XR interactions.}, author = {Döllinger, Nina and Wienrich, Carolin and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, journal = {Frontiers in Virtual Reality}, keywords = {vitras}, pages = 29, title = {Challenges and Opportunities of Immersive Technologies for Mindfulness Meditation: A Systematic Review}, volume = 2, year = 2021 }
eXtended Artificial Intelligence: New Prospects of Human-AI Interaction Research. Wienrich, Carolin; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In Frontiers in Virtual Reality; Special Issue: The Role of Virtual Reality in Human-AI Interaction (HAII), 2, p. 84. 2021.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) covers a broad spectrum of computational problems and use cases. Many of those implicate profound and sometimes intricate questions of how humans interact or should interact with AIs. Moreover, many users or future users do have abstract ideas of what AI is, significantly depending on the specific embodiment of AI applications. Human-centered-design approaches would suggest evaluating the impact of different embodiments on human perception of and interaction with AI. An approach that is difficult to realize due to the sheer complexity of application fields and embodiments in reality. However, here XR opens new possibilities to research human-AI interactions. The article's contribution is twofold: First, it provides a theoretical treatment and model of human-AI interaction based on an XR-AI continuum as a framework for and a perspective of different approaches of XR-AI combinations. It motivates XR-AI combinations as a method to learn about the effects of prospective human-AI interfaces and shows why the combination of XR and AI fruitfully contributes to a valid and systematic investigation of human-AI interactions and interfaces. Second, the article provides two exemplary experiments investigating the aforementioned approach for two distinct AI-systems. The first experiment reveals an interesting gender effect in human-robot interaction, while the second experiment reveals an Eliza effect of a recommender system. Here the article introduces two paradigmatic implementations of the proposed XR testbed for human-AI interactions and interfaces and shows how a valid and systematic investigation can be conducted. In sum, the article opens new perspectives on how XR benefits human-centered AI design and development.

@article{wienrich2021extended, abstract = {Artificial Intelligence (AI) covers a broad spectrum of computational problems and use cases. Many of those implicate profound and sometimes intricate questions of how humans interact or should interact with AIs. Moreover, many users or future users do have abstract ideas of what AI is, significantly depending on the specific embodiment of AI applications. Human-centered-design approaches would suggest evaluating the impact of different embodiments on human perception of and interaction with AI. An approach that is difficult to realize due to the sheer complexity of application fields and embodiments in reality. However, here XR opens new possibilities to research human-AI interactions. The article's contribution is twofold: First, it provides a theoretical treatment and model of human-AI interaction based on an XR-AI continuum as a framework for and a perspective of different approaches of XR-AI combinations. It motivates XR-AI combinations as a method to learn about the effects of prospective human-AI interfaces and shows why the combination of XR and AI fruitfully contributes to a valid and systematic investigation of human-AI interactions and interfaces. Second, the article provides two exemplary experiments investigating the aforementioned approach for two distinct AI-systems. The first experiment reveals an interesting gender effect in human-robot interaction, while the second experiment reveals an Eliza effect of a recommender system. Here the article introduces two paradigmatic implementations of the proposed XR testbed for human-AI interactions and interfaces and shows how a valid and systematic investigation can be conducted. In sum, the article opens new perspectives on how XR benefits human-centered AI design and development.}, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, journal = {Frontiers in Virtual Reality; Special Issue: The Role of Virtual Reality in Human-AI Interaction (HAII)}, keywords = {AI_work}, pages = 84, title = {eXtended Artificial Intelligence: New Prospects of Human-AI Interaction Research}, volume = 2, year = 2021 }
Development of the InteractionSuitcase in virtual reality to support inter-and transcultural learning processes in English as Foreign Language education. Hein, Rebecca; Steinbock, Jeanine; Eisenmann, Maria; Latoschik, Marc Erich; Wienrich, Carolin. In DELFI 2021. Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Informatik eV, 2021.
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Immersion programs and the experiences they offer learners are irreplaceable. In times of Covid-19, social VR applications can offer enormous potential for the acquisition of inter- and transcultural competencies (ITC). Virtual objects (VO) could initiate communication and reflection processes between learners with different cultural backgrounds and therefore offer an exciting approach. Accordingly, we address the following research questions: (1) What is a sound way to collect objects for the InteractionSuitcase to promote ITC acquisition by means of Social VR? (2) For which aspects do students use the objects when developing an ITC learning scenario? (3) Which VO are considered particularly supportive to initiate and facilitate ITC learning? To answer these research questions, the virtual InteractionSuitcase will be designed and implemented. This paper presents the empirical preliminary work and interim results of the development and evaluation of the InteractionSuitcase, its usage, and the significance of this project for Human- Computer Interaction (HCI) and English as Foreign Language (EFL) research.

@article{hein2021development, abstract = {Immersion programs and the experiences they offer learners are irreplaceable. In times of Covid-19, social VR applications can offer enormous potential for the acquisition of inter- and transcultural competencies (ITC). Virtual objects (VO) could initiate communication and reflection processes between learners with different cultural backgrounds and therefore offer an exciting approach. Accordingly, we address the following research questions: (1) What is a sound way to collect objects for the InteractionSuitcase to promote ITC acquisition by means of Social VR? (2) For which aspects do students use the objects when developing an ITC learning scenario? (3) Which VO are considered particularly supportive to initiate and facilitate ITC learning? To answer these research questions, the virtual InteractionSuitcase will be designed and implemented. This paper presents the empirical preliminary work and interim results of the development and evaluation of the InteractionSuitcase, its usage, and the significance of this project for Human- Computer Interaction (HCI) and English as Foreign Language (EFL) research.}, author = {Hein, Rebecca and Steinbock, Jeanine and Eisenmann, Maria and Latoschik, Marc Erich and Wienrich, Carolin}, journal = {DELFI 2021}, keywords = {coteach}, publisher = {Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Informatik eV}, title = {Development of the InteractionSuitcase in virtual reality to support inter-and transcultural learning processes in English as Foreign Language education}, year = 2021 }
Spatial Presence in Mixed Realities{\textendash}Considerations About the Concept, Measures, Design, and Experiments. Wienrich, Carolin; Komma, Philipp; Vogt, Stephanie; Latoschik, Marc E. In Frontiers in Virtual Reality, 141, Special Issue: Presence and Beyond: Evaluating User Experience in AR/MR/VR, 2. Frontiers Media {SA}, 2021.
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@article{Wienrich_2021, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Komma, Philipp and Vogt, Stephanie and Latoschik, Marc E.}, journal = {Frontiers in Virtual Reality, 141, Special Issue: Presence and Beyond: Evaluating User Experience in AR/MR/VR}, keywords = {change_experience}, month = 10, publisher = {Frontiers Media {SA}}, title = {Spatial Presence in Mixed Realities{\textendash}Considerations About the Concept, Measures, Design, and Experiments}, volume = 2, year = 2021 }
AI Literacy: Kompetenzdimensionen und Einflussfaktoren im Kontext von Arbeit. Wienrich, Carolin; Carolus, Astrid; Augustin, Yannik; Markus, André. 2021.
- [ BibTeX ]
@preprint{wienrich2021literacy, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Carolus, Astrid and Augustin, Yannik and Markus, André}, institution = {KI-Observatorium des Bundesministeriums für Arbeit und Soziales}, keywords = {a.carolus}, title = {AI Literacy: Kompetenzdimensionen und Einflussfaktoren im Kontext von Arbeit.}, type = {Publication}, year = 2021 }
Behavioral Framework of Immersive Technologies (BehaveFIT): How and Why Virtual Reality can Support Behavioral Change Processes. Wienrich, Carolin; D{\"o}llinger, Nina Ines; Hein, Rebecca. In Frontiers Virtual Reality, 2, p. 84. 2021.
- [ Abstract ]
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- [ URL ]
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The design and evaluation of assisting technologies to support behavior change processes have become an essential topic within the field of human-computer interaction research in general and the field of immersive intervention technologies in particular. The mechanisms and success of behavior change techniques and interventions are broadly investigated in the field of psychology. However, it is not always easy to adapt these psychological findings to the context of immersive technologies. The lack of theoretical foundation also leads to a lack of explanation as to why and how immersive interventions support behavior change processes. The Behavioral Framework for immersive Technologies (BehaveFIT) addresses this lack by 1) presenting an intelligible categorization and condensation of psychological barriers and immersive features, by 2) suggesting a mapping that shows why and how immersive technologies can help to overcome barriers and finally by 3) proposing a generic prediction path that enables a structured, theory-based approach to the development and evaluation of immersive interventions. These three steps explain how BehaveFIT can be used, and include guiding questions for each step. Further, two use cases illustrate the usage of BehaveFIT. Thus, the present paper contributes to guidance for immersive intervention design and evaluation, showing that immersive interventions support behavior change processes and explain and predict 'why' and 'how' immersive interventions can bridge the intention-behavior-gap.

@article{wienrich2020mind, abstract = {The design and evaluation of assisting technologies to support behavior change processes have become an essential topic within the field of human-computer interaction research in general and the field of immersive intervention technologies in particular. The mechanisms and success of behavior change techniques and interventions are broadly investigated in the field of psychology. However, it is not always easy to adapt these psychological findings to the context of immersive technologies. The lack of theoretical foundation also leads to a lack of explanation as to why and how immersive interventions support behavior change processes. The Behavioral Framework for immersive Technologies (BehaveFIT) addresses this lack by 1) presenting an intelligible categorization and condensation of psychological barriers and immersive features, by 2) suggesting a mapping that shows why and how immersive technologies can help to overcome barriers and finally by 3) proposing a generic prediction path that enables a structured, theory-based approach to the development and evaluation of immersive interventions. These three steps explain how BehaveFIT can be used, and include guiding questions for each step. Further, two use cases illustrate the usage of BehaveFIT. Thus, the present paper contributes to guidance for immersive intervention design and evaluation, showing that immersive interventions support behavior change processes and explain and predict 'why' and 'how' immersive interventions can bridge the intention-behavior-gap.}, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and D{\"o}llinger, Nina Ines and Hein, Rebecca}, journal = {Frontiers Virtual Reality}, keywords = {rebecca.hein}, pages = 84, title = {Behavioral Framework of Immersive Technologies (BehaveFIT): How and Why Virtual Reality can Support Behavioral Change Processes}, volume = 2, year = 2021 }
eXtended Artificial Intelligence: New Prospects of Human-AI Interaction Research. Wienrich, Carolin; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In Frontiers in Virtual Reality, 2, p. 94. 2021.
- [ Abstract ]
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ URL ]
- [ DOI ]
Artificial Intelligence (AI) covers a broad spectrum of computational problems and use cases. Many of those implicate profound and sometimes intricate questions of how humans interact or should interact with AIs. Moreover, many users or future users do have abstract ideas of what AI is, significantly depending on the specific embodiment of AI applications. Human-centered-design approaches would suggest evaluating the impact of different embodiments on human perception of and interaction with AI. An approach that is difficult to realize due to the sheer complexity of application fields and embodiments in reality. However, here XR opens new possibilities to research human-AI interactions. The article's contribution is twofold: First, it provides a theoretical treatment and model of human-AI interaction based on an XR-AI continuum as a framework for and a perspective of different approaches of XR-AI combinations. It motivates XR-AI combinations as a method to learn about the effects of prospective human-AI interfaces and shows why the combination of XR and AI fruitfully contributes to a valid and systematic investigation of human-AI interactions and interfaces. Second, the article provides two exemplary experiments investigating the aforementioned approach for two distinct AI-systems. The first experiment reveals an interesting gender effect in human-robot interaction, while the second experiment reveals an Eliza effect of a recommender system. Here the article introduces two paradigmatic implementations of the proposed XR testbed for human-AI interactions and interfaces and shows how a valid and systematic investigation can be conducted. In sum, the article opens new perspectives on how XR benefits human-centered AI design and development.

@article{wienrich2021extended, abstract = {Artificial Intelligence (AI) covers a broad spectrum of computational problems and use cases. Many of those implicate profound and sometimes intricate questions of how humans interact or should interact with AIs. Moreover, many users or future users do have abstract ideas of what AI is, significantly depending on the specific embodiment of AI applications. Human-centered-design approaches would suggest evaluating the impact of different embodiments on human perception of and interaction with AI. An approach that is difficult to realize due to the sheer complexity of application fields and embodiments in reality. However, here XR opens new possibilities to research human-AI interactions. The article's contribution is twofold: First, it provides a theoretical treatment and model of human-AI interaction based on an XR-AI continuum as a framework for and a perspective of different approaches of XR-AI combinations. It motivates XR-AI combinations as a method to learn about the effects of prospective human-AI interfaces and shows why the combination of XR and AI fruitfully contributes to a valid and systematic investigation of human-AI interactions and interfaces. Second, the article provides two exemplary experiments investigating the aforementioned approach for two distinct AI-systems. The first experiment reveals an interesting gender effect in human-robot interaction, while the second experiment reveals an Eliza effect of a recommender system. Here the article introduces two paradigmatic implementations of the proposed XR testbed for human-AI interactions and interfaces and shows how a valid and systematic investigation can be conducted. In sum, the article opens new perspectives on how XR benefits human-centered AI design and development.}, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, journal = {Frontiers in Virtual Reality}, keywords = {aiatwork}, pages = 94, title = {eXtended Artificial Intelligence: New Prospects of Human-AI Interaction Research}, volume = 2, year = 2021 }
Development of the InteractionSuitcase in virtual reality to support inter- and transcultural learning processes in English as Foreign Language education. Hein, Rebecca; Steinbock, Jeanine; Eisenmann, Maria; Latoschik, Marc Erich; Wienrich, Carolin. In DELFI 2021, A. Kienle, A. Harrer, J. M. Haake, A. Lingnau (eds.), pp. 91–96. Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V., Bonn, 2021.
- [ Abstract ]
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ URL ]
Immersion programs and the experiences they offer learners are irreplaceable. In times of Covid-19, social VR applications can offer enormous potential for the acquisition of inter- and transcultural competencies (ITC). Virtual objects (VO) could initiate communication and reflection processes between learners with different cultural backgrounds and therefore offer an exciting approach. Accordingly, we address the following research questions: (1) What is a sound way to collect objects for the InteractionSuitcase to promote ITC acquisition by means of Social VR? (2) For which aspects do students use the objects when developing an ITC learning scenario? (3) Which VO are considered particularly supportive to initiate and facilitate ITC learning? To answer these research questions, the virtual InteractionSuitcase will be designed and implemented. This paper presents the empirical preliminary work and interim results of the development and evaluation of the InteractionSuitcase, its usage, and the significance of this project for Human- Computer Interaction (HCI) and English as Foreign Language (EFL) research.

@inproceedings{hein2021development, abstract = {Immersion programs and the experiences they offer learners are irreplaceable. In times of Covid-19, social VR applications can offer enormous potential for the acquisition of inter- and transcultural competencies (ITC). Virtual objects (VO) could initiate communication and reflection processes between learners with different cultural backgrounds and therefore offer an exciting approach. Accordingly, we address the following research questions: (1) What is a sound way to collect objects for the InteractionSuitcase to promote ITC acquisition by means of Social VR? (2) For which aspects do students use the objects when developing an ITC learning scenario? (3) Which VO are considered particularly supportive to initiate and facilitate ITC learning? To answer these research questions, the virtual InteractionSuitcase will be designed and implemented. This paper presents the empirical preliminary work and interim results of the development and evaluation of the InteractionSuitcase, its usage, and the significance of this project for Human- Computer Interaction (HCI) and English as Foreign Language (EFL) research.}, address = {Bonn}, author = {Hein, Rebecca and Steinbock, Jeanine and Eisenmann, Maria and Latoschik, Marc Erich and Wienrich, Carolin}, booktitle = {DELFI 2021}, editor = {Kienle, Andrea and Harrer, Andreas and Haake, Joerg M. and Lingnau, Andreas}, keywords = {coteach}, pages = {91-96}, publisher = {Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V.}, title = {Development of the InteractionSuitcase in virtual reality to support inter- and transcultural learning processes in English as Foreign Language education}, year = 2021 }
The Trustworthiness of Voice Assistants in the Context of Healthcare Investigating the Effect of Perceived Expertise on the Trustworthiness of Voice Assistants, Providers, Data Receivers, and Automatic Speech Recognition. Wienrich, Carolin; Reitelbach, Clemens; Carolus, Astrid. In Frontiers in Computer Science. Human-Media Interaction. Special Issue: Towards Omnipresent and Smart Speech Assistants, 3. Frontiers Media {SA}, 2021.
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- [ URL ]
- [ DOI ]
@article{Wienrich_2021, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Reitelbach, Clemens and Carolus, Astrid}, journal = {Frontiers in Computer Science. Human-Media Interaction. Special Issue: Towards Omnipresent and Smart Speech Assistants}, keywords = {AI_work}, month = {06}, publisher = {Frontiers Media {SA}}, title = {The Trustworthiness of Voice Assistants in the Context of Healthcare Investigating the Effect of Perceived Expertise on the Trustworthiness of Voice Assistants, Providers, Data Receivers, and Automatic Speech Recognition}, volume = 3, year = 2021 }
Behavioral Framework of Immersive Technologies (BehaveFIT): How and Why Virtual Reality can Support Behavioral Change Processes. Wienrich, Carolin; Döllinger, Nina Ines; Hein, Rebecca. In Frontiers in Virtual Reality, 2, p. 84. 2021.
- [ Abstract ]
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ URL ]
- [ DOI ]
The design and evaluation of assisting technologies to support behavior change processes have become an essential topic within the field of human-computer interaction research in general and the field of immersive intervention technologies in particular. The mechanisms and success of behavior change techniques and interventions are broadly investigated in the field of psychology. However, it is not always easy to adapt these psychological findings to the context of immersive technologies. The lack of theoretical foundation also leads to a lack of explanation as to why and how immersive interventions support behavior change processes. The Behavioral Framework for immersive Technologies (BehaveFIT) addresses this lack by 1) presenting an intelligible categorization and condensation of psychological barriers and immersive features, by 2) suggesting a mapping that shows why and how immersive technologies can help to overcome barriers and finally by 3) proposing a generic prediction path that enables a structured, theory-based approach to the development and evaluation of immersive interventions. These three steps explain how BehaveFIT can be used, and include guiding questions for each step. Further, two use cases illustrate the usage of BehaveFIT. Thus, the present paper contributes to guidance for immersive intervention design and evaluation, showing that immersive interventions support behavior change processes and explain and predict 'why' and 'how' immersive interventions can bridge the intention-behavior-gap.

@article{wienrich2020mind, abstract = {The design and evaluation of assisting technologies to support behavior change processes have become an essential topic within the field of human-computer interaction research in general and the field of immersive intervention technologies in particular. The mechanisms and success of behavior change techniques and interventions are broadly investigated in the field of psychology. However, it is not always easy to adapt these psychological findings to the context of immersive technologies. The lack of theoretical foundation also leads to a lack of explanation as to why and how immersive interventions support behavior change processes. The Behavioral Framework for immersive Technologies (BehaveFIT) addresses this lack by 1) presenting an intelligible categorization and condensation of psychological barriers and immersive features, by 2) suggesting a mapping that shows why and how immersive technologies can help to overcome barriers and finally by 3) proposing a generic prediction path that enables a structured, theory-based approach to the development and evaluation of immersive interventions. These three steps explain how BehaveFIT can be used, and include guiding questions for each step. Further, two use cases illustrate the usage of BehaveFIT. Thus, the present paper contributes to guidance for immersive intervention design and evaluation, showing that immersive interventions support behavior change processes and explain and predict 'why' and 'how' immersive interventions can bridge the intention-behavior-gap.}, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Döllinger, Nina Ines and Hein, Rebecca}, journal = {Frontiers in Virtual Reality}, keywords = {rebecca.hein}, pages = 84, title = {Behavioral Framework of Immersive Technologies (BehaveFIT): How and Why Virtual Reality can Support Behavioral Change Processes}, volume = 2, year = 2021 }
A Systematic Review of Foreign Language Learning with Immersive Technologies (2001-2020). Hein, Rebecca Magdalena; Wienrich, Carolin; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In AIMS Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 5(2), pp. 117–145. 2021.
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- [ DOI ]
This study provides a systematic literature review of research (2001–2020) in the field of teaching and learning a foreign language and intercultural learning using immersive technologies. Based on 2507 sources, 54 articles were selected according to a predefined selection criteria. The review is aimed at providing information about which immersive interventions are being used for foreign language learning and teaching and where potential research gaps exist. The papers were analyzed and coded according to the following categories: (1) investigation form and education level, (2) degree of immersion, and technology used, (3) predictors, and (4) criterions. The review identified key research findings relating the use of immersive technologies for learning and teaching a foreign language and intercultural learning at cognitive, affective, and conative levels. The findings revealed research gaps in the area of teachers as a target group, and virtual reality (VR) as a fully immersive intervention form. Furthermore, the studies reviewed rarely examined behavior, and implicit measurements related to inter- and trans-cultural learning and teaching. Inter- and transcultural learning and teaching especially is an underrepresented investigation subject. Finally, concrete suggestions for future research are given. The systematic review contributes to the challenge of interdisciplinary cooperation between pedagogy, foreign language didactics, and Human-Computer Interaction to achieve innovative teaching-learning formats and a successful digital transformation.

@article{noauthororeditor, abstract = {This study provides a systematic literature review of research (2001–2020) in the field of teaching and learning a foreign language and intercultural learning using immersive technologies. Based on 2507 sources, 54 articles were selected according to a predefined selection criteria. The review is aimed at providing information about which immersive interventions are being used for foreign language learning and teaching and where potential research gaps exist. The papers were analyzed and coded according to the following categories: (1) investigation form and education level, (2) degree of immersion, and technology used, (3) predictors, and (4) criterions. The review identified key research findings relating the use of immersive technologies for learning and teaching a foreign language and intercultural learning at cognitive, affective, and conative levels. The findings revealed research gaps in the area of teachers as a target group, and virtual reality (VR) as a fully immersive intervention form. Furthermore, the studies reviewed rarely examined behavior, and implicit measurements related to inter- and trans-cultural learning and teaching. Inter- and transcultural learning and teaching especially is an underrepresented investigation subject. Finally, concrete suggestions for future research are given. The systematic review contributes to the challenge of interdisciplinary cooperation between pedagogy, foreign language didactics, and Human-Computer Interaction to achieve innovative teaching-learning formats and a successful digital transformation.}, author = {Hein, Rebecca Magdalena and Wienrich, Carolin and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, journal = {AIMS Electronics and Electrical Engineering}, keywords = {coteach}, number = 2, pages = {117-145}, title = {A Systematic Review of Foreign Language Learning with Immersive Technologies (2001-2020)}, volume = 5, year = 2021 }

2020[ to top ]

“Respecting Alexa’s “Feelings” - Effects of Politeness and Impoliteness on the Evaluation of Conversational Agents. Carolus, Astrid; Wienrich, Carolin. 2020.
- [ BibTeX ]
@inproceedings{inproceedings, author = {Carolus, Astrid and Wienrich, Carolin}, keywords = {AI_work}, month = {05}, title = {“Respecting Alexa's “Feelings” - Effects of Politeness and Impoliteness on the Evaluation of Conversational Agents}, year = 2020 }
Perspektiverweiterung zur Erforschung bildbasierter sozialer Medien-Desiderata der Analyse am Beispiel von\# fitspiration. Carolus, Astrid; Wienrich, Carolin. In Gesundheitskommunikation und Digitalisierung, pp. 183–200. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH \& Co. KG, 2020.
- [ BibTeX ]
@inproceedings{carolus2020perspektiverweiterung, author = {Carolus, Astrid and Wienrich, Carolin}, booktitle = {Gesundheitskommunikation und Digitalisierung}, keywords = {c.wienrich}, organization = {Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH \& Co. KG}, pages = {183-200}, title = {Perspektiverweiterung zur Erforschung bildbasierter sozialer Medien-Desiderata der Analyse am Beispiel von\# fitspiration}, year = 2020 }
CoTeach – Connected Teacher Education. Carolin, Wienrich; Eisenmann, Maria; Latoschik, Marc Erich; Grafe, Silke. In Boosting Virtual Reality in Learning, M. Schwaiger (ed.). E.N.T.E.R., 2020.
- [ BibTeX ]
@incollection{carolin2020coteach, abstract = {CoTeach develops and evaluates innovative teaching and learning contexts for student teachers and scholars. One work package couples the potential of VR with principles of intercultural learning to create tangible experiences with pedagogically responsible value}, author = {Carolin, Wienrich and Eisenmann, Maria and Latoschik, Marc Erich and Grafe, Silke}, booktitle = {Boosting Virtual Reality in Learning}, edition = {focus europe special edition 2020}, editor = {Schwaiger, Michael}, keywords = {c.wienrich}, publisher = {E.N.T.E.R.}, series = {VRinSight Green Paper}, title = {CoTeach – Connected Teacher Education}, year = 2020 }
What the user’s voice tells us about UX-Analysing parameters of the voice as indicators of the User Experience of the usage of intelligent voice assistants. Obremski, David; Wienrich, Carolin; Carolus, Astrid. In Mensch und Computer 2020-Workshopband. Gesellschaft für Informatik eV, 2020.
- [ BibTeX ]
@article{obremski2020user, author = {Obremski, David and Wienrich, Carolin and Carolus, Astrid}, journal = {Mensch und Computer 2020-Workshopband}, keywords = {interaction_paradigm}, publisher = {Gesellschaft für Informatik eV}, title = {What the user’s voice tells us about UX-Analysing parameters of the voice as indicators of the User Experience of the usage of intelligent voice assistants}, year = 2020 }
“Respecting Alexa’s “Feelings” - Effects of Politeness and Impoliteness on the Evaluation of Conversational Agents. Carolus, Astrid; Wienrich, Carolin. 2020.
- [ BibTeX ]
@inproceedings{inproceedings, author = {Carolus, Astrid and Wienrich, Carolin}, keywords = {AI_work}, month = {05}, title = {“Respecting Alexa's “Feelings” - Effects of Politeness and Impoliteness on the Evaluation of Conversational Agents}, year = 2020 }
appRaiseVR-An Evaluation Framework for Immersive Experiences. Wienrich, Carolin; Gramlich, Johanna. In i-com, 19(2), pp. 103–121. De Gruyter, 2020.
- [ BibTeX ]
@article{wienrich2020appraisevr, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Gramlich, Johanna}, journal = {i-com}, keywords = {change_experience}, number = 2, pages = {103-121}, publisher = {De Gruyter}, title = {appRaiseVR-An Evaluation Framework for Immersive Experiences}, volume = 19, year = 2020 }
Body Weight Perception of Females using Photorealistic Avatars in Virtual and Augmented Reality. Wolf, Erik; Döllinger, Nina; Mal, David; Wienrich, Carolin; Botsch, Mario; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR), pp. 462–473. 2020.
- [ Abstract ]
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ URL ]
- [ DOI ]
The appearance of avatars can potentially alter changes in their users' perception and behavior. Based on this finding, approaches to support the therapy of body perception disturbances in eating or body weight disorders by mixed reality (MR) systems gain in importance. However, the methodological heterogeneity of previous research has made it difficult to assess the suitability of different MR systems for therapeutic use in these areas. The effects of MR system properties and related psychometric factors on body-related perceptions have so far remained unclear. We developed an interactive virtual mirror embodiment application to investigate the differences between an augmented reality see-through head-mounted-display (HMD) and a virtual reality HMD on the before-mentioned factors. Additionally, we considered the influence of the participant's body-mass-index (BMI) and the BMI difference between participants and their avatars on the estimations. The 54 normal-weight female participants significantly underestimated the weight of their photorealistic, generic avatar in both conditions. Body weight estimations were significantly predicted by the participants' BMI and the BMI difference. We also observed partially significant differences in presence and tendencies for differences in virtual body ownership between the systems. Our results offer new insights into the relationships of body weight perception in different MR environments and provide new perspectives for the development of therapeutic applications.

@inproceedings{wolf2020bodyweight, author = {Wolf, Erik and Döllinger, Nina and Mal, David and Wienrich, Carolin and Botsch, Mario and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, booktitle = {2020 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR)}, keywords = {change_experience}, pages = {462-473}, title = {Body Weight Perception of Females using Photorealistic Avatars in Virtual and Augmented Reality}, year = 2020 }
Move\&Find: The value of kinesthetic experience in a casual data representation. Hurtienne, Jorn; Maas, Franzisca; Carolus, Astrid; Reinhardt, Daniel; Baur, Cordula; Wienrich, Carolin. In IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 40(6), pp. 61–75. IEEE, 2020.
- [ BibTeX ]
@article{hurtienne2020move, author = {Hurtienne, Jorn and Maas, Franzisca and Carolus, Astrid and Reinhardt, Daniel and Baur, Cordula and Wienrich, Carolin}, journal = {IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications}, keywords = {j.hurtienne}, number = 6, pages = {61-75}, publisher = {IEEE}, title = {Move\&Find: The value of kinesthetic experience in a casual data representation}, volume = 40, year = 2020 }
CoTeach – Connected Teacher Education. Carolin, Wienrich; Eisenmann, Maria; Latoschik, Marc Erich; Grafe, Silke. In Boosting Virtual Reality in Learning, focus europe special edition 2020 , M. Schwaiger (ed.). E.N.T.E.R., 2020.
- [ Abstract ]
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ URL ]
CoTeach develops and evaluates innovative teaching and learning contexts for student teachers and scholars. One work package couples the potential of VR with principles of intercultural learning to create tangible experiences with pedagogically responsible value

@incollection{carolin2020coteach, abstract = {CoTeach develops and evaluates innovative teaching and learning contexts for student teachers and scholars. One work package couples the potential of VR with principles of intercultural learning to create tangible experiences with pedagogically responsible value}, author = {Carolin, Wienrich and Eisenmann, Maria and Latoschik, Marc Erich and Grafe, Silke}, booktitle = {Boosting Virtual Reality in Learning}, edition = {focus europe special edition 2020}, editor = {Schwaiger, Michael}, keywords = {c.wienrich}, publisher = {E.N.T.E.R.}, series = {VRinSight Green Paper}, title = {CoTeach – Connected Teacher Education}, year = 2020 }
What the user’s voice tells us about UX - Analysing parameters of the voice as indicators of the User Experience of the usage of intelligent voice assistants. Obremski, David; Wienrich, Carolin; Carolus, Astrid. Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V., 2020.
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ URL ]
- [ DOI ]
@inproceedings{https://doi.org/10.18420/muc2020-ws105-377, author = {Obremski, David and Wienrich, Carolin and Carolus, Astrid}, keywords = {obremski}, publisher = {Gesellschaft für Informatik e.V.}, title = {What the user’s voice tells us about UX - Analysing parameters of the voice as indicators of the User Experience of the usage of intelligent voice assistants}, year = 2020 }
Move\&Find: The value of kinesthetic experience in a casual data representation. Hurtienne, Jorn; Maas, Franzisca; Carolus, Astrid; Reinhardt, Daniel; Baur, Cordula; Wienrich, Carolin. In IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 40(6), pp. 61–75. IEEE, 2020.
- [ BibTeX ]
@article{hurtienne2020move, author = {Hurtienne, Jorn and Maas, Franzisca and Carolus, Astrid and Reinhardt, Daniel and Baur, Cordula and Wienrich, Carolin}, journal = {IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications}, keywords = {j.hurtienne}, number = 6, pages = {61-75}, publisher = {IEEE}, title = {Move\&Find: The value of kinesthetic experience in a casual data representation}, volume = 40, year = 2020 }
appRaiseVR-An Evaluation Framework for Immersive Experiences. Wienrich, Carolin; Gramlich, Johanna. In i-com, 19(2), pp. 103–121. De Gruyter, 2020.
- [ BibTeX ]
@article{wienrich2020appraisevr, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Gramlich, Johanna}, journal = {i-com}, keywords = {change_experience}, number = 2, pages = {103-121}, publisher = {De Gruyter}, title = {appRaiseVR-An Evaluation Framework for Immersive Experiences}, volume = 19, year = 2020 }
Body Weight Perception of Females using Photorealistic Avatars in Virtual and Augmented Reality. Wolf, Erik; Döllinger, Nina; Mal, David; Wienrich, Carolin; Botsch, Mario; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR), pp. 462–473. 2020.
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ URL ]
@inproceedings{wolf2020bodyweight, author = {Wolf, Erik and Döllinger, Nina and Mal, David and Wienrich, Carolin and Botsch, Mario and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, booktitle = {2020 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR)}, keywords = {change_experience}, pages = {462-473}, title = {Body Weight Perception of Females using Photorealistic Avatars in Virtual and Augmented Reality}, year = 2020 }

2019[ to top ]

Challenges and Requirements of Immersive Media in Autonomous Car: Exploring the Feasibility of Virtual Entertainment Applications. Wienrich, Carolin; Schindler, Kristina. In i-com, 18(2), pp. 105–125. De Gruyter, 2019.
- [ BibTeX ]
@article{wienrich2019challenges, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Schindler, Kristina}, journal = {i-com}, keywords = {change_experience}, number = 2, pages = {105-125}, publisher = {De Gruyter}, title = {Challenges and Requirements of Immersive Media in Autonomous Car: Exploring the Feasibility of Virtual Entertainment Applications}, volume = 18, year = 2019 }
A Systematic View on Speech Assistants for Service Technicians. Baumeister, Joachim; Sehne, Veronika; Wienrich, Carolin. In Proceedings of LWDA - Lernen. Wissen. Daten. Analysen 2019, pp. 195–206. 2019.
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ DOI ]
@inproceedings{baumeister2019systematic, author = {Baumeister, Joachim and Sehne, Veronika and Wienrich, Carolin}, booktitle = {Proceedings of LWDA - Lernen. Wissen. Daten. Analysen 2019}, keywords = {AI_work}, pages = {195-206}, title = {A Systematic View on Speech Assistants for Service Technicians.}, year = 2019 }
Challenges and Requirements of Immersive Media in Autonomous Car: Exploring the Feasibility of Virtual Entertainment Applications. Wienrich, Carolin; Schindler, Kristina. In i-com, 18(2), pp. 105–125. De Gruyter, 2019.
- [ BibTeX ]
@article{wienrich2019challenges, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Schindler, Kristina}, journal = {i-com}, keywords = {change_experience}, number = 2, pages = {105-125}, publisher = {De Gruyter}, title = {Challenges and Requirements of Immersive Media in Autonomous Car: Exploring the Feasibility of Virtual Entertainment Applications}, volume = 18, year = 2019 }
How close do you feel to your devices? Visual assessment of emotional relationships with digital devices. Carolus, Astrid; Wienrich, Carolin. In Mensch und Computer 2019-Workshopband. Gesellschaft für Informatik eV, 2019.
- [ BibTeX ]
@article{carolus2019close, author = {Carolus, Astrid and Wienrich, Carolin}, journal = {Mensch und Computer 2019-Workshopband}, keywords = {interaction_paradigm}, publisher = {Gesellschaft für Informatik eV}, title = {How close do you feel to your devices? Visual assessment of emotional relationships with digital devices}, year = 2019 }
ViTraS - Virtual Reality Therapy by Stimulation of Modulated Body Image - Project Outline. Döllinger, Nina; Wienrich, Carolin; Wolf, Erik; Botsch, Mario; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In 2019 Mensch und Computer - Workshopband, pp. 606–611. 2019.
- [ Abstract ]
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ URL ]
- [ DOI ]
In the recent decades, obesity has become one of the major public health issues and is associated with severe other diseases. Although current multidisciplinary therapy approaches already include behavioral therapy techniques, the oftentimes remaining lack of psychotherapeutic support after surgery leads to relapses and renewed weight gain. This paper presents an overview of the project ViTraS-Virtual Reality Therapy by Stimulation of Modulated BodyImage - that addresses these challenges by (i) Developing an integrative model predicting the influential paths of immersive media for an effective behavioral change; (ii) Developing an augmented reality (AR)-mirror system enabling an effective therapy on body self-perception of patients, and (iii)Developing a multi-user virtual reality (VR)-system supply-ing social support from therapists and other patients. The three components of the ViTraS projects are briefly introduced, as well as a first VR-based prototype of the mirror system.

@inproceedings{dollinger2019toappearvitras, abstract = {In the recent decades, obesity has become one of the major public health issues and is associated with severe other diseases. Although current multidisciplinary therapy approaches already include behavioral therapy techniques, the oftentimes remaining lack of psychotherapeutic support after surgery leads to relapses and renewed weight gain. This paper presents an overview of the project ViTraS-Virtual Reality Therapy by Stimulation of Modulated BodyImage - that addresses these challenges by (i) Developing an integrative model predicting the influential paths of immersive media for an effective behavioral change; (ii) Developing an augmented reality (AR)-mirror system enabling an effective therapy on body self-perception of patients, and (iii)Developing a multi-user virtual reality (VR)-system supply-ing social support from therapists and other patients. The three components of the ViTraS projects are briefly introduced, as well as a first VR-based prototype of the mirror system.}, author = {Döllinger, Nina and Wienrich, Carolin and Wolf, Erik and Botsch, Mario and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, booktitle = {2019 Mensch und Computer - Workshopband}, keywords = {vitras}, pages = {606-611}, title = {ViTraS - Virtual Reality Therapy by Stimulation of Modulated Body Image - Project Outline}, year = 2019 }
Entropy of controller movements reflects mental workload in virtual reality. Reinhardt, Daniel; Haesler, Steffen; Hurtienne, J{\"o}rn; Wienrich, Carolin. In 2019 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR), pp. 802–808. IEEE, 2019.
- [ BibTeX ]
@inproceedings{reinhardt2019entropy, author = {Reinhardt, Daniel and Haesler, Steffen and Hurtienne, J{\"o}rn and Wienrich, Carolin}, booktitle = {2019 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR)}, keywords = {interaction_paradigm}, organization = {IEEE}, pages = {802–808}, title = {Entropy of controller movements reflects mental workload in virtual reality}, year = 2019 }
A Systematic View on Speech Assistants for Service Technicians. Baumeister, Joachim; Sehne, Veronika; Wienrich, Carolin. In Proceedings of LWDA - Lernen. Wissen. Daten. Analysen 2019, pp. 195–206. 2019.
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ DOI ]
@inproceedings{baumeister2019systematic, author = {Baumeister, Joachim and Sehne, Veronika and Wienrich, Carolin}, booktitle = {Proceedings of LWDA - Lernen. Wissen. Daten. Analysen 2019}, keywords = {AI_work}, pages = {195-206}, title = {A Systematic View on Speech Assistants for Service Technicians.}, year = 2019 }
User-Centered Extension of a Locomotion Typology: Movement-Related Sensory Feedback and Spatial Learning. Wienrich, Carolin; Döllinger, Nina; Kock, Simon; Gramann, Klaus. In VR, pp. 690–698. IEEE, 2019.
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ URL ]
@inproceedings{conf/vr/WienrichDKG19, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Döllinger, Nina and Kock, Simon and Gramann, Klaus}, booktitle = {VR}, crossref = {conf/vr/2019}, keywords = {c.wienrich}, pages = {690-698}, publisher = {IEEE}, title = {User-Centered Extension of a Locomotion Typology: Movement-Related Sensory Feedback and Spatial Learning.}, year = 2019 }
Investigating Gesture-based Commands for First-Person Shooter Games in Virtual Reality. Schmitt, Johann; Wienrich, Carolin; Latoschik, Marc Erich; Lugrin, Jean-Luc. In Mensch und Computer 2019-Workshopband. Gesellschaft für Informatik eV, 2019.
- [ BibTeX ]
@article{schmitt2019investigating, author = {Schmitt, Johann and Wienrich, Carolin and Latoschik, Marc Erich and Lugrin, Jean-Luc}, journal = {Mensch und Computer 2019-Workshopband}, keywords = {interaction_paradigm}, publisher = {Gesellschaft für Informatik eV}, title = {Investigating Gesture-based Commands for First-Person Shooter Games in Virtual Reality}, year = 2019 }
Continuous and Non-Intrusive Measure of Mental Effort in Virtual Reality - Entropy of Controller Movements. Reinhardt, D; Haesler, S; Hurtienne, J; Wienrich, C. In IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR), pp. 802–808. 2019.
- [ BibTeX ]
@article{reinhardt2019continuous, author = {Reinhardt, D and Haesler, S and Hurtienne, J and Wienrich, C}, journal = {IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR)}, keywords = {j.hurtienne}, pages = {802-808}, title = {Continuous and Non-Intrusive Measure of Mental Effort in Virtual Reality - Entropy of Controller Movements.}, year = 2019 }
Continuous and Non-Intrusive Measure of Mental Effort in Virtual Reality - Entropy of Controller Movements. Reinhardt, D; Haesler, S; Hurtienne, J; Wienrich, C. In IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR), pp. 802–808. 2019.
- [ BibTeX ]
@article{reinhardt2019continuous, author = {Reinhardt, D and Haesler, S and Hurtienne, J and Wienrich, C}, journal = {IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR)}, keywords = {j.hurtienne}, pages = {802-808}, title = {Continuous and Non-Intrusive Measure of Mental Effort in Virtual Reality - Entropy of Controller Movements.}, year = 2019 }
Entropy of controller movements reflects mental workload in virtual reality. Reinhardt, Daniel; Haesler, Steffen; Hurtienne, J{\"o}rn; Wienrich, Carolin. In 2019 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR), pp. 802–808. IEEE, 2019.
- [ BibTeX ]
@inproceedings{reinhardt2019entropy, author = {Reinhardt, Daniel and Haesler, Steffen and Hurtienne, J{\"o}rn and Wienrich, Carolin}, booktitle = {2019 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR)}, keywords = {interaction_paradigm}, organization = {IEEE}, pages = {802–808}, title = {Entropy of controller movements reflects mental workload in virtual reality}, year = 2019 }
Investigating Gesture-based Commands for First-Person Shooter Games in Virtual Reality. Schmitt, Johann; Lugrin, Jean-Luc; Carolin, and Wienrich; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In Proceedings of User-embodied Interaction in Virtual Reality, Mensch und Computer 2019. 2019.
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ URL ]
@inproceedings{LugrinGesture2019, author = {Schmitt, Johann and Lugrin, Jean-Luc and and Wienrich Carolin and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, booktitle = {Proceedings of User-embodied Interaction in Virtual Reality, Mensch und Computer 2019}, keywords = {c.wienrich}, title = {Investigating Gesture-based Commands for First-Person Shooter Games in Virtual Reality}, year = 2019 }
How close do you feel to your devices? Visual assessment of emotional relationships with digital devices. Carolus, Astrid; Wienrich, Carolin. In Mensch und Computer 2019-Workshopband. Gesellschaft für Informatik eV, 2019.
- [ BibTeX ]
@article{carolus2019close, author = {Carolus, Astrid and Wienrich, Carolin}, journal = {Mensch und Computer 2019-Workshopband}, keywords = {interaction_paradigm}, publisher = {Gesellschaft für Informatik eV}, title = {How close do you feel to your devices? Visual assessment of emotional relationships with digital devices}, year = 2019 }
ViTraS-virtual reality therapy by stimulation of modulated body image-project outline. Döllinger, Nina; Wienrich, Carolin; Wolf, Erik; Botsch, Mario; Latoschik, Marc Erich. In Mensch und Computer 2019-Workshopband. Gesellschaft für Informatik eV, 2019.
- [ BibTeX ]
@article{dollinger2019vitras, author = {Döllinger, Nina and Wienrich, Carolin and Wolf, Erik and Botsch, Mario and Latoschik, Marc Erich}, journal = {Mensch und Computer 2019-Workshopband}, keywords = {change_experience}, publisher = {Gesellschaft für Informatik eV}, title = {ViTraS-virtual reality therapy by stimulation of modulated body image-project outline}, year = 2019 }
User-Centered Extension of a Locomotion Typology: Movement-Related Sensory Feedback and Spatial Learning. Wienrich, Carolin; Döllinger, Nina; Kock, Simon; Gramann, Klaus. In 2019 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR), pp. 690–698. IEEE, 2019.
- [ BibTeX ]
@inproceedings{wienrich2019user, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Döllinger, Nina and Kock, Simon and Gramann, Klaus}, booktitle = {2019 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR)}, keywords = {interaction_paradigm}, organization = {IEEE}, pages = {690-698}, title = {User-Centered Extension of a Locomotion Typology: Movement-Related Sensory Feedback and Spatial Learning}, year = 2019 }

2018[ to top ]

Effects of Media Immersiveness on the Perception of Virtual Characters. Roth, Daniel; Wienrich, Carolin. In Proceedings of the GI VR/AR Workshop. 2018.
- [ BibTeX ]
@inproceedings{roth2018effects, author = {Roth, Daniel and Wienrich, Carolin}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the GI VR/AR Workshop}, keywords = {interaction_paradigm}, title = {Effects of Media Immersiveness on the Perception of Virtual Characters}, year = 2018 }
A Virtual Nose as a Rest-Frame - The Impact on Simulator Sickness and Game Experience. Wienrich, C.; Weidner, C. K.; Schatto, C.; Obremski, D.; Israel, J. H. In 2018 10th International Conference on Virtual Worlds and Games for Serious Applications (VS-Games), pp. 1–8. 2018.
- [ Abstract ]
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ URL ]
- [ DOI ]
This paper presents an experiment measuring the impact of a virtual nose on simulator sickness and game experience in a virtual reality game presented on an Oculus Rift DK 2. Furthermore, the presented study investigated in the significance of the rest-frame\u0027s salience, for it to reduce simulator sickness. The results of our study indicated that the usage of a virtual nose reduces simulator sickness while it does not affect the game experience. Further results showed no significant impact of the rest-frame\u0027s salience, neither on simulator sickness nor on the game experience. In sum, the outcome of the study supports the thesis that a rest-frame in form of a virtual nose can be used in virtual reality applications to reduce simulator sickness.

@inproceedings{8493408, abstract = {This paper presents an experiment measuring the impact of a virtual nose on simulator sickness and game experience in a virtual reality game presented on an Oculus Rift DK 2. Furthermore, the presented study investigated in the significance of the rest-frame\u0027s salience, for it to reduce simulator sickness. The results of our study indicated that the usage of a virtual nose reduces simulator sickness while it does not affect the game experience. Further results showed no significant impact of the rest-frame\u0027s salience, neither on simulator sickness nor on the game experience. In sum, the outcome of the study supports the thesis that a rest-frame in form of a virtual nose can be used in virtual reality applications to reduce simulator sickness.}, author = {Wienrich, C. and Weidner, C. K. and Schatto, C. and Obremski, D. and Israel, J. H.}, booktitle = {2018 10th International Conference on Virtual Worlds and Games for Serious Applications (VS-Games)}, keywords = {obremski}, month = {09}, pages = {1-8}, title = {A Virtual Nose as a Rest-Frame - The Impact on Simulator Sickness and Game Experience}, year = 2018 }
Interest in fitness-related Instagram content does not predict body dissatisfaction but healthy training. Carolus, A; Wienrich, C. In Proceedings DGPUK 2018. 2018.
- [ BibTeX ]
@inproceedings{carolus2018interest, author = {Carolus, A and Wienrich, C}, journal = {Proceedings DGPUK 2018}, keywords = {paper_short}, title = {Interest in fitness-related Instagram content does not predict body dissatisfaction but healthy training.}, year = 2018 }
Social Inhibition of Return in the interaction between Humans and Virtual Agents. Wienrich, C; Kretschmer, F; Gross, R; Müller-Plath, G. In 60th Conference of Experimental Psychologists, p. 248. 2018.
- [ BibTeX ]
@conference{wienrich2018social, author = {Wienrich, C and Kretschmer, F and Gross, R and Müller-Plath, G}, journal = {60th Conference of Experimental Psychologists}, keywords = {interaction_paradigm}, pages = 248, title = {Social Inhibition of Return in the interaction between Humans and Virtual Agents.}, year = 2018 }
Parallel dual-task processing and task-shielding in older and younger adults: Behavioral and diffusion model results. Janczyk, Markus; Mittelstädt, Patrik; Wienrich, Carolin. In Experimental aging research, 44(2), pp. 95–116. Taylor & Francis, 2018.
- [ BibTeX ]
@article{janczyk2018parallel, author = {Janczyk, Markus and Mittelstädt, Patrik and Wienrich, Carolin}, journal = {Experimental aging research}, keywords = {m.janczyk}, number = 2, pages = {95-116}, publisher = {Taylor & Francis}, title = {Parallel dual-task processing and task-shielding in older and younger adults: Behavioral and diffusion model results}, volume = 44, year = 2018 }
Parallel dual-task processing and task-shielding in older and younger adults: Behavioral and diffusion model results. Janczyk, Markus; Mittelstädt, Patrik; Wienrich, Carolin. In Experimental aging research, 44(2), pp. 95–116. Taylor & Francis, 2018.
- [ BibTeX ]
@article{janczyk2018parallel, author = {Janczyk, Markus and Mittelstädt, Patrik and Wienrich, Carolin}, journal = {Experimental aging research}, keywords = {m.janczyk}, number = 2, pages = {95-116}, publisher = {Taylor & Francis}, title = {Parallel dual-task processing and task-shielding in older and younger adults: Behavioral and diffusion model results}, volume = 44, year = 2018 }
Effects of Media Immersiveness on the Perception of Virtual Characters. Roth, Daniel; Wienrich, Carolin. In Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Virtual and Augmented Reality of the GI Special Interest Group VR/AR, R. Dörner, P. Grimm, C. Geiger (eds.). 2018.
- [ Abstract ]
- [ BibTeX ]
Virtual characters are widely used in digital media and entertainment, and become more frequent in Virtual Reality (VR) applications. Multiple previous works assessed the perception of virtual characters. Yet, a comparison of the effects of non-immersive and immersive settings on character perception and affect recognition has not been presented. Therefore, we conducted a mixed-design study, that assessed the perception of virtual characters in a desktop setting compared to an immersive VR setting. The piloting findings revealed that although typical evaluation dimensions such as humanness or eeriness did not differ significantly, socially related judgments such as sympathy, attractiveness, and trust showed significant differences between the media. We conclude that these dimensions need further assessments, and suggest that pretesting may be done best in the target media.

@inproceedings{roth2018effects, abstract = {Virtual characters are widely used in digital media and entertainment, and become more frequent in Virtual Reality (VR) applications. Multiple previous works assessed the perception of virtual characters. Yet, a comparison of the effects of non-immersive and immersive settings on character perception and affect recognition has not been presented. Therefore, we conducted a mixed-design study, that assessed the perception of virtual characters in a desktop setting compared to an immersive VR setting. The piloting findings revealed that although typical evaluation dimensions such as humanness or eeriness did not differ significantly, socially related judgments such as sympathy, attractiveness, and trust showed significant differences between the media. We conclude that these dimensions need further assessments, and suggest that pretesting may be done best in the target media.}, author = {Roth, Daniel and Wienrich, Carolin}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Virtual and Augmented Reality of the GI Special Interest Group VR/AR}, editor = {Dörner, Ralf and Grimm, Paul and Geiger, Christian}, keywords = {insync}, month = 10, title = {Effects of Media Immersiveness on the Perception of Virtual Characters}, year = 2018 }
A virtual nose as a rest-frame-the impact on simulator sickness and game experience. Wienrich, Carolin; Weidner, Christine Katharina; Schatto, Celina; Obremski, David; Israel, Johann Habakuk. In 2018 10th International Conference on Virtual Worlds and Games for Serious Applications (VS-Games), pp. 1–8. IEEE, 2018.
- [ BibTeX ]
@inproceedings{wienrich2018virtual, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Weidner, Christine Katharina and Schatto, Celina and Obremski, David and Israel, Johann Habakuk}, booktitle = {2018 10th International Conference on Virtual Worlds and Games for Serious Applications (VS-Games)}, keywords = {c.wienrich}, organization = {IEEE}, pages = {1-8}, title = {A virtual nose as a rest-frame-the impact on simulator sickness and game experience}, year = 2018 }
Effekte der Instagram-Nutzung auf Einstellungen und Verhalten im Fitness-Kontext. Carolus, A; Wienrich, C. In Proceedings DGPS 2018. 2018.
- [ BibTeX ]
@inproceedings{carolus2018effekte, author = {Carolus, A and Wienrich, C}, journal = {Proceedings DGPS 2018}, keywords = {c.wienrich}, title = {Effekte der Instagram-Nutzung auf Einstellungen und Verhalten im Fitness-Kontext.}, year = 2018 }
Social Inhibition of Return in the interaction between Humans and Virtual Agents. Wienrich, C; Kretschmer, F; Gross, R; Müller-Plath, G. In 60th Conference of Experimental Psychologists, p. 248. 2018.
- [ BibTeX ]
@conference{wienrich2018social, author = {Wienrich, C and Kretschmer, F and Gross, R and Müller-Plath, G}, journal = {60th Conference of Experimental Psychologists}, keywords = {interaction_paradigm}, pages = 248, title = {Social Inhibition of Return in the interaction between Humans and Virtual Agents.}, year = 2018 }
Developing and proving a framework for reaction time experiments in VR to objectively measure social interaction with virtual agents. Wienrich, Carolin; Gross, Richard; Kretschmer, Felix; M{\"u}ller-Plath, Gisela. In 2018 IEEE conference on virtual reality and 3D user interfaces (VR), pp. 191–198. IEEE, 2018.
- [ BibTeX ]
@inproceedings{wienrich2018developing, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Gross, Richard and Kretschmer, Felix and M{\"u}ller-Plath, Gisela}, booktitle = {2018 IEEE conference on virtual reality and 3D user interfaces (VR)}, keywords = {interaction_paradigm}, organization = {IEEE}, pages = {191-198}, title = {Developing and proving a framework for reaction time experiments in VR to objectively measure social interaction with virtual agents}, year = 2018 }
Does different representations of a virtual co-actor influence implicit social phenomena?. Wienrich, C; Kretschmer, F. In Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Virtual and Augmented Reality of the GI Special Interest Group VR/AR. GI, 2018.
- [ BibTeX ]
@inproceedings{wienrich2018different, author = {Wienrich, C and Kretschmer, F}, journal = {Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Virtual and Augmented Reality of the GI Special Interest Group VR/AR}, keywords = {interaction_paradigm}, publisher = {GI}, title = {Does different representations of a virtual co-actor influence implicit social phenomena?}, year = 2018 }
Assessing user experience in virtual reality-a comparison of different measurements. Wienrich, Carolin; D{\"o}llinger, Nina; Kock, Simon; Schindler, Kristina; Traupe, Ole. In International Conference of Design, User Experience, and Usability, pp. 573–589. Springer, 2018.
- [ BibTeX ]
@inproceedings{wienrich2018assessing, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and D{\"o}llinger, Nina and Kock, Simon and Schindler, Kristina and Traupe, Ole}, booktitle = {International Conference of Design, User Experience, and Usability}, keywords = {change_experience}, organization = {Springer}, pages = {573-589}, title = {Assessing user experience in virtual reality-a comparison of different measurements}, year = 2018 }
How to find the right app: effects of color-coded categories on visual search on smartphones. Trapp, A K; von Kalckreuth, N; Reibke, J; Wienrich, C. In 60th Conference of Experimental Psychologists, p. 248. 2018.
- [ BibTeX ]
@conference{trapp2018right, author = {Trapp, A K and von Kalckreuth, N and Reibke, J and Wienrich, C}, journal = {60th Conference of Experimental Psychologists}, keywords = {n.vonkacklreuth}, pages = 248, title = {How to find the right app: effects of color-coded categories on visual search on smartphones.}, year = 2018 }
Social presence and cooperation in large-scale multi-user virtual reality-the relevance of social interdependence for location-based environments. Wienrich, Carolin; Schindler, Kristina; Döllinqer, N; Kock, Simon; Traupe, Ole. In 2018 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR), pp. 207–214. IEEE, 2018.
- [ BibTeX ]
@inproceedings{wienrich2018social, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Schindler, Kristina and Döllinqer, N and Kock, Simon and Traupe, Ole}, booktitle = {2018 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR)}, keywords = {interaction_paradigm}, organization = {IEEE}, pages = {207-214}, title = {Social presence and cooperation in large-scale multi-user virtual reality-the relevance of social interdependence for location-based environments}, year = 2018 }
Social presence and cooperation in large-scale multi-user virtual reality-the relevance of social interdependence for location-based environments. Wienrich, Carolin; Schindler, Kristina; Döllinqer, N; Kock, Simon; Traupe, Ole. In 2018 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR), pp. 207–214. IEEE, 2018.
- [ BibTeX ]
@inproceedings{wienrich2018social, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Schindler, Kristina and Döllinqer, N and Kock, Simon and Traupe, Ole}, booktitle = {2018 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR)}, keywords = {interaction_paradigm}, organization = {IEEE}, pages = {207-214}, title = {Social presence and cooperation in large-scale multi-user virtual reality-the relevance of social interdependence for location-based environments}, year = 2018 }
App icon similarity and its impact on visual search efficiency on mobile touch devices. Trapp, Anna K; Wienrich, Carolin. In Cognitive research: principles and implications, 3(1), p. 39. Springer, 2018.
- [ BibTeX ]
@article{trapp2018app, author = {Trapp, Anna K and Wienrich, Carolin}, journal = {Cognitive research: principles and implications}, keywords = {interaction_paradigm}, number = 1, pages = 39, publisher = {Springer}, title = {App icon similarity and its impact on visual search efficiency on mobile touch devices}, volume = 3, year = 2018 }
Developing and proving a framework for reaction time experiments in VR to objectively measure social interaction with virtual agents. Wienrich, Carolin; Gross, Richard; Kretschmer, Felix; M{\"u}ller-Plath, Gisela. In 2018 IEEE conference on virtual reality and 3D user interfaces (VR), pp. 191–198. IEEE, 2018.
- [ BibTeX ]
@inproceedings{wienrich2018developing, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Gross, Richard and Kretschmer, Felix and M{\"u}ller-Plath, Gisela}, booktitle = {2018 IEEE conference on virtual reality and 3D user interfaces (VR)}, keywords = {interaction_paradigm}, organization = {IEEE}, pages = {191-198}, title = {Developing and proving a framework for reaction time experiments in VR to objectively measure social interaction with virtual agents}, year = 2018 }
Does different representations of a virtual co-actor influence implicit social phenomena?. Wienrich, C; Kretschmer, F. In Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Virtual and Augmented Reality of the GI Special Interest Group VR/AR. GI, 2018.
- [ BibTeX ]
@inproceedings{wienrich2018different, author = {Wienrich, C and Kretschmer, F}, journal = {Proceedings of the 15th Workshop on Virtual and Augmented Reality of the GI Special Interest Group VR/AR}, keywords = {interaction_paradigm}, publisher = {GI}, title = {Does different representations of a virtual co-actor influence implicit social phenomena?}, year = 2018 }
How to find the right app: effects of color-coded categories on visual search on smartphones. Trapp, A K; von Kalckreuth, N; Reibke, J; Wienrich, C. In 60th Conference of Experimental Psychologists, p. 248. 2018.
- [ BibTeX ]
@conference{trapp2018right, author = {Trapp, A K and von Kalckreuth, N and Reibke, J and Wienrich, C}, journal = {60th Conference of Experimental Psychologists}, keywords = {n.vonkacklreuth}, pages = 248, title = {How to find the right app: effects of color-coded categories on visual search on smartphones.}, year = 2018 }
Social Presence and Cooperation in Large-Scale Multi-User Virtual Reality - The Relevance of Social Interdependence for Location-Based Environments. Wienrich, Carolin; Schindler, Kristina; Döllinger, Nina; Kock, Simon; Traupe, Ole. In VR, K. Kiyokawa, F. Steinicke, B. H. Thomas, G. Welch (eds.), pp. 207–214. IEEE Computer Society, 2018.
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ URL ]
@inproceedings{conf/vr/WienrichSDKT18, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Schindler, Kristina and Döllinger, Nina and Kock, Simon and Traupe, Ole}, booktitle = {VR}, crossref = {conf/vr/2018}, editor = {Kiyokawa, Kiyoshi and Steinicke, Frank and Thomas, Bruce H. and Welch, Greg}, keywords = {c.wienrich}, pages = {207-214}, publisher = {IEEE Computer Society}, title = {Social Presence and Cooperation in Large-Scale Multi-User Virtual Reality - The Relevance of Social Interdependence for Location-Based Environments.}, year = 2018 }
Assessing User Experience in Virtual Reality - A Comparison of Different Measurements. Wienrich, Carolin; Döllinger, Nina; Kock, Simon; Schindler, Kristina; Traupe, Ole. In HCI (18), Vol. 10918 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, A. Marcus, W. Wang (eds.), pp. 573–589. Springer, 2018.
- [ BibTeX ]
- [ URL ]
@inproceedings{conf/hci/WienrichDKST18, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Döllinger, Nina and Kock, Simon and Schindler, Kristina and Traupe, Ole}, booktitle = {HCI (18)}, crossref = {conf/hci/2018-18}, editor = {Marcus, Aaron and Wang, Wentao}, keywords = {c.wienrich}, pages = {573-589}, publisher = {Springer}, series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, title = {Assessing User Experience in Virtual Reality - A Comparison of Different Measurements.}, volume = 10918, year = 2018 }

2017[ to top ]

Pilotstudie: Einsatz von mobilen VR-Anwendungen in gleichmäßig und ruhig bewegten Transportsystemen. Wienrich, Carolin; Zachoszcz, Martin; Schlippe, Max von; Packhäuser, Richard. In Mensch und Computer 2017-Workshopband. Gesellschaft für Informatik eV, 2017.
- [ BibTeX ]
@article{wienrich2017pilotstudie, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Zachoszcz, Martin and Schlippe, Max von and Packhäuser, Richard}, journal = {Mensch und Computer 2017-Workshopband}, keywords = {change_experience}, publisher = {Gesellschaft für Informatik eV}, title = {Pilotstudie: Einsatz von mobilen VR-Anwendungen in gleichmäßig und ruhig bewegten Transportsystemen}, year = 2017 }
Pilotstudie: Einsatz von mobilen VR-Anwendungen in gleichmäßig und ruhig bewegten Transportsystemen. Wienrich, Carolin; Zachoszcz, Martin; Schlippe, Max von; Packhäuser, Richard. In Mensch und Computer 2017-Workshopband. Gesellschaft für Informatik eV, 2017.
- [ BibTeX ]
@article{wienrich2017pilotstudie, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Zachoszcz, Martin and Schlippe, Max von and Packhäuser, Richard}, journal = {Mensch und Computer 2017-Workshopband}, keywords = {change_experience}, publisher = {Gesellschaft für Informatik eV}, title = {Pilotstudie: Einsatz von mobilen VR-Anwendungen in gleichmäßig und ruhig bewegten Transportsystemen}, year = 2017 }
Evaluation of a virtual gaming environment designed to access emotional reactions while playing. Freytag, Sarah-Christin; Wienrich, Carolin. In 2017 9th International Conference on Virtual Worlds and Games for Serious Applications (VS-Games), pp. 145–148. IEEE, 2017.
- [ BibTeX ]
@inproceedings{freytag2017evaluation, author = {Freytag, Sarah-Christin and Wienrich, Carolin}, booktitle = {2017 9th International Conference on Virtual Worlds and Games for Serious Applications (VS-Games)}, keywords = {s.freytag}, organization = {IEEE}, pages = {145-148}, title = {Evaluation of a virtual gaming environment designed to access emotional reactions while playing}, year = 2017 }
Design principles for VR interaction models: an empirical pilot study. Wienrich, C; Noller, F; Thüring, M. In Virtuelle und erweiterte Realitäten. 14. Workshop der GI-Fachgruppe VR/AR, pp. 162–171. 2017.
- [ BibTeX ]
@inproceedings{wienrich2017design, author = {Wienrich, C and Noller, F and Thüring, M}, booktitle = {Virtuelle und erweiterte Realitäten. 14. Workshop der GI-Fachgruppe VR/AR}, keywords = {change_experience}, pages = {162-171}, title = {Design principles for VR interaction models: an empirical pilot study}, year = 2017 }
Support for visual search on touch displays by colour coding of semantic categories. Spang, C; Trapp, A K; Wienrich, C. In 59th Conference of Experimental Psychologists, p. 248. 2017.
- [ BibTeX ]
@conference{spang2017support, author = {Spang, C and Trapp, A K and Wienrich, C}, journal = {59th Conference of Experimental Psychologists}, keywords = {interaction_paradigm}, pages = 248, title = {Support for visual search on touch displays by colour coding of semantic categories.}, year = 2017 }
Design principles for VR interaction models: an empirical pilot study. Wienrich, C; Noller, F; Thüring, M. In Virtuelle und erweiterte Realitäten. 14. Workshop der GI-Fachgruppe VR/AR, pp. 162–171. 2017.
- [ BibTeX ]
@inproceedings{wienrich2017design, author = {Wienrich, C and Noller, F and Thüring, M}, booktitle = {Virtuelle und erweiterte Realitäten. 14. Workshop der GI-Fachgruppe VR/AR}, keywords = {change_experience}, pages = {162-171}, title = {Design principles for VR interaction models: an empirical pilot study}, year = 2017 }
Support for visual search on touch displays by colour coding of semantic categories. Spang, C; Trapp, A K; Wienrich, C. In 59th Conference of Experimental Psychologists, p. 248. 2017.
- [ BibTeX ]
@conference{spang2017support, author = {Spang, C and Trapp, A K and Wienrich, C}, journal = {59th Conference of Experimental Psychologists}, keywords = {interaction_paradigm}, pages = 248, title = {Support for visual search on touch displays by colour coding of semantic categories.}, year = 2017 }
Evaluation of a virtual gaming environment designed to access emotional reactions while playing. Freytag, Sarah-Christin; Wienrich, Carolin. In 2017 9th International Conference on Virtual Worlds and Games for Serious Applications (VS-Games), pp. 145–148. IEEE, 2017.
- [ BibTeX ]
@inproceedings{freytag2017evaluation, author = {Freytag, Sarah-Christin and Wienrich, Carolin}, booktitle = {2017 9th International Conference on Virtual Worlds and Games for Serious Applications (VS-Games)}, keywords = {s.freytag}, organization = {IEEE}, pages = {145-148}, title = {Evaluation of a virtual gaming environment designed to access emotional reactions while playing}, year = 2017 }

2016[ to top ]

Trends in Neuroergonomics: Tagungsband 11. Berliner Werkstatt Mensch-Maschine-Systeme; 7.-9. Oktober 2015, Berlin/Proceedings of the 11th Berlin Workshop Human-Machine Systems; 7th-9th October 2015, Berlin. Wienrich, Carolin; Zander, Thorsten; Gramann, Klaus. Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin, 2016.
- [ BibTeX ]
@book{wienrich2016trends, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Zander, Thorsten and Gramann, Klaus}, keywords = {c.wienrich}, publisher = {Universitätsverlag der TU Berlin}, title = {Trends in Neuroergonomics: Tagungsband 11. Berliner Werkstatt Mensch-Maschine-Systeme; 7.-9. Oktober 2015, Berlin/Proceedings of the 11th Berlin Workshop Human-Machine Systems; 7th-9th October 2015, Berlin}, year = 2016 }

2015[ to top ]

Die Verteilung von Aufmerksamkeit bei zentralem Sehverlust. Wienrich, Carolin. Technische Universitaet Berlin (Germany), 2015.
- [ BibTeX ]
@book{wienrich2015verteilung, author = {Wienrich, Carolin}, keywords = {c.wienrich}, publisher = {Technische Universitaet Berlin (Germany)}, title = {Die Verteilung von Aufmerksamkeit bei zentralem Sehverlust}, year = 2015 }

2013[ to top ]

Visual Search with central Scotoma - A simulation Study. Wienrich, Carolin; Müller-Plath, Gisela. 2013.
- [ BibTeX ]
@inproceedings{inproceedings, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Müller-Plath, Gisela}, keywords = {c.wienrich}, month = {03}, title = {Visual Search with central Scotoma - A simulation Study.}, year = 2013 }
Virtuelle Realitäten in der Psychotherapeutischen Behandlung. Wienrich, Carolin; Israel, Johann; Müller-Plath, Gisela. p. accepted. 2013.
- [ BibTeX ]
@inproceedings{inproceedings, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Israel, Johann and Müller-Plath, Gisela}, keywords = {change_experience}, month = {01}, pages = {accepted}, title = {Virtuelle Realitäten in der Psychotherapeutischen Behandlung}, year = 2013 }

2011[ to top ]

Visual search and eye-movements in patients with age-related macular degeneration. Wienrich, C; Müller-Plath, G. In Perception ECVP abstract, 40, pp. 168–168. Pion Ltd, 2011.
- [ BibTeX ]
@article{wienrich2011visual, author = {Wienrich, C and Müller-Plath, G}, journal = {Perception ECVP abstract}, keywords = {c.wienrich}, pages = {168-168}, publisher = {Pion Ltd}, title = {Visual search and eye-movements in patients with age-related macular degeneration}, volume = 40, year = 2011 }
Absence of attentional capture in parallel search is possible: A failure to replicate attentional capture in a non-singleton target search task. Wienrich, Carolin; Janczyk, Markus. In Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 73(7), p. 2044. Springer, 2011.
- [ BibTeX ]
@article{wienrich2011absence, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Janczyk, Markus}, journal = {Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics}, keywords = {c.wienrich}, number = 7, pages = 2044, publisher = {Springer}, title = {Absence of attentional capture in parallel search is possible: A failure to replicate attentional capture in a non-singleton target search task}, volume = 73, year = 2011 }
Visual Search and Fixation in Patients with Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). Wienrich, Carolin; Herbik, Anne; Hoffmann, Michael; Müller-Plath, Gisela. 2011.
- [ BibTeX ]
@inproceedings{inproceedings, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Herbik, Anne and Hoffmann, Michael and Müller-Plath, Gisela}, keywords = {c.wienrich}, month = {08}, title = {Visual Search and Fixation in Patients with Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD).}, year = 2011 }

2009[ to top ]

Eye movements and attention in visual feature search with graded target-distractor-similarity. Wienrich, Carolin; Heße, Uta; Müller-Plath, Gisela. 2009.
- [ BibTeX ]
@article{wienrich2009eye, author = {Wienrich, Carolin and Heße, Uta and Müller-Plath, Gisela}, keywords = {c.wienrich}, title = {Eye movements and attention in visual feature search with graded target-distractor-similarity}, year = 2009 }

2008[ to top ]

Oculomotor scanning behaviour in visual feature search with graded target-distractor-similarity. Hesse, U; Wienrich, C; Melzer, A; M{\"u}ller-Plath, G. In Perception ECVP abstract, 37, pp. 24–24. Pion Ltd, 2008.
- [ BibTeX ]
@article{hesse2008oculomotor, author = {Hesse, U and Wienrich, C and Melzer, A and M{\"u}ller-Plath, G}, journal = {Perception ECVP abstract}, keywords = {c.wienrich}, pages = {24-24}, publisher = {Pion Ltd}, title = {Oculomotor scanning behaviour in visual feature search with graded target-distractor-similarity}, volume = 37, year = 2008 }
StraViS 2.0: a revised model for visual feature search with graded target-distractor similarity. Müller-Plath, G; Hesse, U; Melzer, A; Wienrich, C. In Perception ECVP abstract, 37, pp. 95–95. Pion Ltd, 2008.
- [ BibTeX ]
@article{muller2008stravis, author = {Müller-Plath, G and Hesse, U and Melzer, A and Wienrich, C}, journal = {Perception ECVP abstract}, keywords = {c.wienrich}, pages = {95-95}, publisher = {Pion Ltd}, title = {StraViS 2.0: a revised model for visual feature search with graded target-distractor similarity}, volume = 37, year = 2008 }
The impact of social norms on high cost behavior. Wienrich, C. 2008.
- [ BibTeX ]
@unpublished{wienrich2008impact, author = {Wienrich, C}, keywords = {diploma}, title = {The impact of social norms on high cost behavior.}, year = 2008 }
On the costs of refocusing items in working memory: A matter of inhibition or decay?. Janczyk, Markus; Wienrich, Carolin; Kunde, Wilfried. In Memory, 16(4), pp. 374–385. Taylor & Francis, 2008.
- [ BibTeX ]
@article{janczyk2008costs, author = {Janczyk, Markus and Wienrich, Carolin and Kunde, Wilfried}, journal = {Memory}, keywords = {c.wienrich}, number = 4, pages = {374-385}, publisher = {Taylor & Francis}, title = {On the costs of refocusing items in working memory: A matter of inhibition or decay?}, volume = 16, year = 2008 }

2010

2015

2016 - 2022

2019 - 2021

Since 2020

Since 2022

2023

2020

2019

2018

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